Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 1010 > Unit 2- lectures 1&2 > Flashcards

Unit 2- lectures 1&2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are genetics? give an example

A

The study of inheritance or observable traits from one generation to the next and their effect on populations and species
ex- blue eyes, some diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

Study of molecular processes involved in the transfer of genetic information from genotype to phenotype of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

nature- genetics; there’s no variation because you’re with a type and the environment doesn’t effect that type
nurture- the effect of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are phenotypes? Give an example

A

An organisms physical and biochemical traits; they result from genotypes
Ex- flower colour, ear shape, genetic disease, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are genotypes?

A
  • The genetic makeup of an organism

- can be affected by a single gene or many genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does DNA stand for?
Size?
Function?

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
  • small width, but can be over a meter long
  • it carries the recipes for proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Structure of DNA

A

ribose with a phosphate backbone

  • sugar-phosphate backbone forms the ribbons
  • nitrogenous bases form the “rungs of the ladder”
  • anti-parallel double helix
  • each ribose has a nitrogenous base attached to it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a naked DNA molecule?

A

the molecule without any associated proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a chromosome? What are the arms called?

A
  • a long bundle of DNA
  • p-arm= shorter
  • q-arm= longer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a centromere? What is in it?

A
  • where the p and q arms connect
  • ahas proteins that associate with the regions that are important for mitosis
  • has repeats of DNA of the same nucleotide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a telomere? How does cell division affect their size? What happens to them?

A
  • the end of a chromosome
  • they get shorter at each cell division until they’re gone
  • The chromosomes start to fray like a shoelace, then the cell can no longer divide properly so it’s senescent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does a Giemsa stain do? Where are they found? How are they represented?

A
  • causes a very specific G band pattern
  • found in chromosomes
  • represented by lines of different colors & widths
  • chemical that binds to regions of the chromosomes that are rich with a lot of AT base pairs in DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a karyotype? What are they used for? WHat are they made of?

A
  • an arrangement of chromosomes, organized by size then sex chromosomes
  • the chromosomes have a specific binding pattern so a technician can see if there are any abnormalities in cell division
  • used in prenatal screening
  • made of stains on the chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are homologous chromosomes? Are they identical?

A
  • chromosomes with the same size, shape, and genes but are not identical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the regions of homologous chromosomes? Explain & give an example of each

A

Locus- a specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is located
ex- gene for eye color in fruit flies

Allele- Alternative versions of the same gene
ex- each chromosome can have a different version of the eye color gene (red allele or white allele)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are sister chromatids? What happens for mitosis? Where are they present?

A
  • 2 DNA strands
  • Identical nucleotide sequence
  • DNA is replicated before going into mitosis, so one is copied from the other to prepare for mitosis
  • Joined at the centromere
    They are NOT present in G1, only appear when the cell prepares to divide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens in G1?

A

DNA starts to unwound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens in S phase?

A
  • DNA starts to replicate

Makes perfect copies of itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens in G2?

A
  • pre-mitosis check

- The cell is growing more & making sure DNA is properly replicated so the chromosomes will condense going into prophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens in mitosis prophase?

A
  • The chromosomes have condensed when they go into prophase, sister chromatids are joined at the centromere
  • Nuclear membrane is dissolved
  • Centrosomes appear that organize the mitotic spindle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens in mitosis metaphase?

A

Chromosomes have to line up on the metaphase plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens in mitosis anaphase?

A
  • When the cell enters, the glue that joins the chromosomes dissolves so the chromosomes move apart
  • 2 sister chromatids from each homologous chromosome have moved apart and now they can be in the same 2 separate cells
23
Q

What happens in mitosis telophase?

A
  • Now there are 2 daughter cells that have the same pairs of homologous chromosomes again
  • Then cycle restarts back in G1
24
Q

What is the function of mitosis?

A

To separate the chromosomes (sister chromatids) properly so that within the future daughter cells there will be 2 identical sets of chromosomes again so it can restart in G1

25
Q

What is FISH? What is it used for?

A
  • fluorescent in situ hybridization
  • Used to detect and locate a specific DNA sequence on a chromosome
  • More specific technique
26
Q

What is SKY? What is it used for? How is it different from FISH?

A
  • spectral karyotyping
  • This technique is different from FISH because each chromosome is stained the same color
  • Its possible to use these probes to look at a cell in G1
  • Shows how the chromatin is organized
27
Q

Does the number of chromosomes have to do with complexity? What causes this to change?

A
  • nothing to do with complexity

- changes with the life cycle of species

28
Q

Are sex chromosomes homologous?

A

yes- even though they have different morphology

29
Q

What are autosomes? What are sex chromosomes?

A

autosomes- chromosomes 1-22

sex- 23

30
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA and proteins

31
Q

DNA + protein= ____

A

Chromatin

- there are many types of chromatin in the nucleus of living cells

32
Q

What are nucleosomes? What are they formed of? Size?

A
  • beads along the fibres
  • formed of 8 histones and an additional H1 histone
  • spaced very evenly, 10nm in diameter
33
Q

What is M phase?

A

mitosis & cytokinesis

34
Q

Mitosis

A
  • The division of the genetic material in the nucleus
  • Purpose- to make an exact copy of the cells DNA from parents to daughters
  • A continuous process- each phase goes into the next
  • A relatively short span of the cell cycle
35
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cell itself

36
Q

What makes up interphase?

A

G1, S phase, G2

37
Q

what happens in G1?

A
  • Cell is undergoing its everyday activities

- When it reaches a certain checkpoint, the cell goes to S phase

38
Q

what happens in S phase?

A
  • After the checkpoint
  • Starts to replicate its DNA into the 2 sister chromatids from each homologous chromosome
  • If a cell has too much DNA (replicated sister chromatids), it’s not compatible with its daily activities
39
Q

what happens in G2?

A
  • Many checkpoints to ensure the DNA is right and okay to keep going into mitosis
  • Nuclear membrane is still there
  • Chromosomes duplicated and uncondensed
  • As it progresses to prophase, centrosomes are moving to the poles which shows where the cell split in cytokinesis (usually in the middle)
40
Q

What are the phases in mitosis?

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase & cytokinesis

41
Q

What happens in prophase?(mitosis)

A
  • DNA starts to condense
  • centrosomes move apart
  • chromosomes condense
42
Q

What happens in prometaphase? (mitosis)

A
  • starts to form the mitotic spindle
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • spindle interacts with chromosomes
43
Q

What are fibers made of?

A

microtubules

44
Q

what happens in metaphase? (mitosis)

A
  • chromosomes align on the metaphase plate
  • chromosomes are connected on both sides so both kinetochores can connect to a bunch of spindle fibers
  • cell is waiting for a signal that triggers anaphase
45
Q

What happens in anaphase? (mitosis)

A
  • spindle fibers attract the chromosomes to each pole of the cell
  • sister chromatids split and become daughter chromosomes
  • daughter chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
  • cell is elongating
46
Q

what causes the cell to elongate in anaphase? (mitosis)

A

spindle fibers that are not connected to the chromosomes

- they push against each other as the chromosomes are attracting to each pole

47
Q

what happens in telophase & cytokinesis? (mitosis)

A
  • nuclear envelope reforms
  • chromosomes deconddense
  • spindle fibers start to fall apart
  • constriction at the 2 poles (cytokinesis)
48
Q

what happened in the frog experiment?

A

1st: frog embryo with a less differentiated cell (donor nucleus)- transplanted the donor nucleus to the egg cell, results- egg with donated cell was able to develop into a tadpole in most cases
2nd: tadpole cells with fully differentiated cell implanted into nucleus, results- most stopped developing before the tadpole stage

49
Q

what does the frog experiment prove? how? what does it show? (big picture)

A

the further along the development, the better the nucleus is in terms of its capacity to develop into a full organism

  • the DNA is the same but the cells further in differentiation have a lot of DNA that is unable to be transcribed
  • there is an effect from the environment
50
Q

why can’t some DNA be transcribed in frog experiment?

A
  • a lot of modification
  • ## certain genes are shut down
51
Q

Dolly

A
  • nucleus from a fully developped sheep & implanted it= unable to get a sheep
  • reprogrammed the DNA by undifferentiating some cells= made a sheep
  • sheep died of respiratory failure from a disease that is more common in older sheep (this showed signs of ageing in the younger animal)
52
Q

what are gametes? how are they formed? haploid or diploid?

A
  • the eggs and sperm of an organism
  • formed by meiosis
  • haploid
53
Q

what is fertilization?

A

fusion of the haploid gametes to form a new diploid cell

54
Q

what is a zygote? what does it contain?

A

produced by fertilization….

Bio 1010 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions