Unit 2 - Launching a New Nation Part 2 Flashcards
summarize the proclamation of neutrality
- Americans should not involve themselves in the war
- trade and commerce with Great Britain and France would still proceed
- Washington realized the importance for the new nation to avoid ongoing wars in Europe (wanted to maintain peace and stability)
- those who violated the proclamation of neutrality would be punished
historical context:
the document was written in 1793 as a result of a dispute between Hamilton and Jefferson regarding America’s involvement in the French Revolution. Before the death of King Louis XVI, America signed a treaty with him that stated they would help each other during times of war. Hamilton and Jefferson argued whether this meant they should get involved in the war or support Britain or France
what was the Democratic-Republican’s/Jefferson’s stance on the French Revolution?
Democratic Republicans believed that the French Rev was the legacy of the American Rev
moral obligation because they were allied with France through the 1788 Treaty and France had helped the US during the American Rev
believed that the revolution reflected freedom and equality
Jefferson argued that because he was Secretary of The State he was meant to deal with foreign affairs
what was the Federalists/Hamilton’s stance on the French Revolution?
believed that the war would end badly
there was no connection to France, more of one to England
because the King died, the US isn’t obligated to help France
believed that the new French gov’t will end in tyranny
there should be a focus on allyship with Great Britain because trade is easier
feared that a war would ruin trade with Britain
Hamilton wanted investors from Britain
summarize George Washington’s farewell address
- declared his retirement, which set up a precedent for future presidents to serve a maximum of two terms
- emphasized the importance of national unity and warned against political parties
- cautioned against conflict with foreign nations and promoted alliances
- expressed his gratitude for the support of Americans
what was Washington’s warning about foreign relations
America should limit its political connections with other countries, America should not involve itself in other country’s affairs through treaties
why did Washington believe this warning was necessary in 1796?
because there were previous disputes regarding involvement in other nations affairs, specifically during the French revolution
feared that political parties would create a divide in the nation
According to Washington, what positive results will eventually occur if the US keeps to itself
maintaining neutrality, the nation will avoid external conflict
ensure peace and safety for the country
allow for economic growth because the US won’t be dragged into costly conflicts
maintain independence
what is Washington’s warning about political parties
Washington warns that political parties leave room for people to overthrow parts of the gov’t if they were to gain too much power. Ultimately, he believed political parties are a danger to the US and will eventually result in polarization
Lewis and Clark
Commissioned by president Jefferson
expanded/explored westward
Set out from St. Louis, Missouri in 1804 and traveled overland to the Pacific Ocean
Patrick Gass - took part in the expedition, kept a journal throughout
Expedition took 2 years and 4 months and recorded invaluable information about western territories
Aaron Burr
Received the same number of votes as Jefferson from the electoral college
The house of representatives was called upon to make a decision between the two candidates
Hamilton intervened and persuaded some federalists to cast blank votes towards Jefferson to give him majority
Hamilton felt that Jefferson was a more qualified candidate
As a result, the 12th Amendment was passed by congress
John Marshall
Federalists had significant influence in the judicial branch
Adams appointed John Marshall, a federalist, as chief justice of the Supreme Court
Marshall was an influential member of the supreme court and made decisions that strengthened the Supreme Court and Federal Gov’ts powers
Judiciary Act of 1801
Increased the number of federal judges to 16
supported/promoted by Adams
Adams filled these positions with Federalists in an attempt to control the Supreme Court
Midnight Judges
Federalist Supreme court members appointed by Adams in an attempt to control the Supreme Court
Jefferson argued that the appointments were invalid because the document authorizing them had not been delivered before Adams left office
Marbury v. Madison
Arose from Jefferson and Adams debate of regarding the invalidation of Adams’ attempted appointments of Supreme Court Justices
William Marbury was one of the midnight judges who never received his official papers
Madison was Jefferson’s secretary of state, who was responsible for delivering the papers
Marbury sued Madison to enforce the Judiciary act of 1789, which required the Supreme Court to order that the papers be delivered
It was determined by chief justice Marshall that the act was unconstitutional because the Supreme Court was not empowered to issue such orders
Judicial review
The ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson wanted to resolve the problem of forced alliance with britain by buying New Orleans and western Florida from the French
By the time Monroe reached Paris, Napoleon decided to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the U.S.
James Monroe and Robert Livingston bought the Louisiana Territory for $15 million
Jefferson doubted to constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase
Included land drained by western tributaries of the Mississippi River
Resulted in the size of the US doubling
How did the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis & Clark expedition affect the expansion of the United States?
The US was able to expand and thus double in size because of the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark expedition. The Louisiana Purchase, a purchase of Louisiana Territory from the French, gave the US a large amount of land for $15 million. Lewis and Clark’s expedition sprung from the Louisiana Purchase, as Jefferson ordered them to explore the newly gained territory and document unknown wildlife. Lewis and Clark’s expedition also allowed for the US to make relations with Native Americans, as Sacagawea, a Native woman, helped the explorers navigate and communicate.
Why was Marbury v Madison such an important case? (Think about: Judge Marshall’s decision and its effects on the future).
Marbury v Maddison was an important case because it strengthened judicial review and questioning the Judiciary Acts of 1789. During Marbury v Maddison, Marbury was looking to sue Maddison because he never received his official papers appointing him as a Supreme Court justice. Marbury, a federalist, had been appointed by Adams as a judge and it was the responsibility of the secretary of the state, Maddison, to deliver the official papers. The case led to Judge Marshall deciding that the Judiciary act of 1789, which required the Supreme Court to order that the papers be delivered, was unconstitutional.
what were Jefferson’s motivations for making the Louisiana Purchase?
territorial expansions/economic opportunity - provided land for farmers, lots of new natural resources
Control of Mississippi River - the Port of New Orleans was crucial for American commerce because it provided access to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico, which was vital for trade and transportation
avoiding conflict with France - there was a potential threat of French Military in the Louisiana Territory
what battle changed the balance of power on the Frontier
the battle of fallen timbers
what was Lewis and Clark’s biggest obtacle
the Rocky Mountains
how does Great Britain view American expansion
as a threat
what happened in August of 1810 between Tecumseh and Britain
they formed an alliance
Jay’s Treaty
George Washington sent John Jay to negotiate with the British to resolve stuff over the 1794 war with France and Britain
Americans told the British to evacuate Great Lake Territory
America avoided war with the British
settled a boundary dispute and the British evacuated their troops
westward movement was encouraged
established the president as the chief diplomat
Kentucky and Viriginia Resolutions
- made in response to the Alien and Sedition acts
- argued that these acts were unconstitutional, and states did not have to follow them
- led to the secession of southern states during the civil war because the Doctrine of Nullification was used in the 1830’s to protest tariffs in SC
Doctrine of Nullification
if a state believed a federal law was unconstitutional, they could void it. Virginia and Kentucky presented this solution
why did Americans want to go to war with Britain
France and Britain seized neutral ships, such as those belonging to the US and impressed US sailor sand forced them to join the British Army. Britain also issued the Orders in the council, which prevented foreign ships from entering European ports under French control. Great Britain also formed an alliance with Tecumseh and his Pan-Indian nation, which Americans saw as a threat. They also believed that the British and natives were plotting to massacre Americans.
what is an embargo and why did Jefferson enact one? What was the result?
an embargo is a ban on foreign trade and Jefferson enacted one because he hoped it would affect Britain and France’s economy and force both nations to lift restrictions on American commerce. the Embargo ended up harming America’s economy more than Britain and France’s
how did New Englanders feel about the Embargo?
they opposed it because it got rid of all foreign trade and thus opposed war because they feared it would damage commerce with Great Britain
how did DRs feel about going to war? federalists?
federalists opposed war because they did not want trade to be affected, and they did not believe that America would be able to defeat GB
DR’s supported war because they claimed American honor, free trade, and protection from Indian massacre justified war
was the US prepared for war?
the US was not prepared for war because congress did little preparation for war and relied on the idea that most British forces were fighting Napolean in Europe
major events in the Era of Good Feelings
Collapse of the Federalist Party
Rise of national unity
James Monroe’s presidency
why did the US want to invade Canada?
they believed that British influence from Canada was causing native American resistance against westward expansion
what political party does James Madison belong to
Democratic republican
what occurred at the Hartford convention
- federalists opposed the war and met to discuss issues they had
their plan included: - remove the 3/5 compromise because federalists felt like it was unfair slaves counted towards population because they did not possess the same rights as other citizens and were not treated humanely
- requiring a 2/3 majority in congress for admission of new states
- the convention and ideas discredited the federalist party after America’s victory
Treaty of Ghent
ended the war, Native Americans were not included in the signing of this treaty
territory returned to who originally claimed it
who was in the election of 1800
John Adams and Thomas Jefferson
what led to the formation of political parties
there was a district divide between what federalist believed in and DR’s believed in
what was the result of the collapse of the federalist party
- only one dominant party (DR)
- lack of political division
- harmonious nation
- joyous nation
- rise of national purpose, sense of unity (nationalism)
the American system
- Congressman Henry Clay proposed America’s infrastructure, roads, canals, and railways
- promoted a tariff to protect American industry and a national bank to foster commerce
- Monroe opposed but many projects passed by congress
the goodwill tour
- series of visits to key places around the country in 1817 and 1819
Goal: spread the message of unity and harmony
Monroe ran unopposed by another main party in 1820
major events during the Monroe Presidency
Panic of 1819
Adams-Onis treaty
Missouri compromise
Monroe Doctrine
Indian removal in Georgia
Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, Maine, and Missouri became states
the panic of 1819
sudden drop in agricultural prices
America’s first widespread financial crisis
slowed westward expansion and hurt the economy
lasted until 1821
Pushed US towards an independent economy (America tried not to depend on Europe as much)
the Adams-Onis treaty
Treaty between US and Spain
Spain ceded Florida to the US and redefined the boundary
settled ongoing border disputes
benefitted both nations
the Monroe Doctrine
US foreign policy opposed European colonialism
told Europeans to no longer interfere in the Western Hemisphere
If they did, the US would view this as a threat
the US promised to stay out of the affairs of existing colonies
the Missouri Compromise
Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase
very controversial, many worried the nation was too divided
Indian removal in Georgia
Georgians demanded better farmland
Monroe agrees in 1825
Goergia passed a law to abolish Cherokee law and government, and distributed their territory to white farmers
paved the way for the Indian removal act in 1830 and the Trail of Tears
What were some of the reasons Jefferson was uncertain when buying the Louisiana Purchase?
The Constitution did not specifically authorize the acquisition of new territory, which made Jefferson uneasy about the legality of the purchase
The purchase price of $15 million was a significant amount of money for the young nation, and there were concerns about how to finance it
Jefferson was concerned about the potential for conflict with Spain and Great Britain over the boundaries and control of the newly acquired territory
Explain the Treaty of Ghent
The treaty restored the borders of the United States and British territories to their pre-war status, meaning no territorial gains were made by either side
Both sides agreed to cease all military actions and return any captured territories
Britain agreed to stop supporting Native American tribes in the Northwest Territory, which encouraged American expansion westward
