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Psychology > Unit 2 Key Words > Flashcards

Unit 2 Key Words Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behaviour

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A procedure during which an animal or person learns to associate a reflex response with a new stimulus

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3
Q

Classical Conditioning Schedule

A

The steps in the procedure to condition a new response

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4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

The stimulus that produces a reflex response

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5
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

The reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

A new stimulus, presented with the unconditioned stimulus, that produces a learned response

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7
Q

Conditioned Response

A

A response that is learned, which occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented

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8
Q

Extinction

A

When a conditioned response no longer occurs from a conditioned stimulus (it dies out)

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9
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

A conditioned response that has extinguished but suddenly appears again after a period of time

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10
Q

Generalisation

A

The conditioned response is produced with stimulus that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Discrimination

A

The conditioned response is only produced with the conditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning due to the consequences of behaviour, through positive or negative reinforcement

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13
Q

Law of Effect

A

Behaviours that are rewarded are usually repeated, those that are punished are not

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14
Q

Punishment

A

A stimulus that weakens behaviour because it is unpleasant and we try to avoid it

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15
Q

Reinforcement

A

A consequence of behaviour that encourages or strengthens the behaviour

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16
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

A reward, or pleasant consequence, that increases the likelihood of a certain behaviour being repeated

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17
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

When an unpleasant experience is removed after a behaviour or action is made, this increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

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18
Q

Behaviour Shaping

A

Changing behaviour in small steps

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19
Q

Phobia

A

A persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity or situation

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20
Q

Flooding

A

A treatment of phobias that involves the patient being exposed directly to the object that causes fear until there is no fear response

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21
Q

Systematic Desensitisation

A

A treatment for phobias, in which a person is taught to relax and is gradually exposed to the object that causes fear

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22
Q

Hierarchy of Fears

A

A series of feared events, ranked from least frightening to most frightening

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23
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

A treatment for addictions that makes the addict have an extremely negative reaction to the addictive substance

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24
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

A reward that a person needs in order to survive

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25
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

A reward, such as a token, that can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer

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26
Q

Social Influence

A

The effect other people have on our behaviour

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27
Q

Conformity

A

A change in a person’s behaviour or opinions as a result of group pressure

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28
Q

Obedience

A

Following the orders of someone we believe to have authority

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29
Q

Socialisation

A

The way that we are raised to behave and the things we are taught to accept as ‘normal’

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30
Q

Deindividuation

A

The state of losing our sense of individuality and becoming less aware of our own responsibility for our actions

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31
Q

Mundane Realism

A

An everyday situation, that is life-like and not artificial

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32
Q

Social Loafing

A

Putting less effort into doing something when you are with others doing the same thing

33
Q

Muraad

A

Literally the coolest guy ever. I think I am in love with him.

34
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

In a group of people, there is less need to act because someone else who is present could also do something

35
Q

Altruism

A

Helping someone without thinking of yourself

36
Q

Bystander Apathy

A

Doing nothing in an emergency situation when someone is in need of help

37
Q

Sex Identity

A

A biological term, determined by hormones and chromosomes

38
Q

Gender Identity

A

A psychological term, determined by attitudes and behaviours

39
Q

Phallic Stage

A

Freud’s third stage of psychosexual development, in which gender development takes place

40
Q

Identification

A

To adopt the attitudes and behaviours of the same-sex parent

41
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

The conflict experienced by a boy in the phallic stage because he unconsciously desires his mother and is afraid his father will castrate him

42
Q

Electra Complex

A

The conflict experienced by a girl because she unconsciously desires her father, but is afraid of losing her mother’s love

43
Q

Gender Disturbance

A

Developing the gender identity that is not usually associated with one’s sex

44
Q

Modelling

A

A role model provides an example for a child

45
Q

Imitation

A

Copying the behaviour of a role model

46
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement

A

Learning from watching a model be rewarded or punished, strengthening or reducing the chance that the child will commit the same behaviour

47
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

Believing that all males are similar and all females are similar

48
Q

Gender Schema

A

A mental building block of knowledge, that contains information about gender

49
Q

Highly Gender Schematised

A

Having rigid and stereotyped views about gender

50
Q

Aggression

A

Behaviour aimed at harming others

51
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals released by our endocrine system, that affects how our bodies function and how we behave

52
Q

Chromosomes

A

The parts of each cell that carry genetic information

53
Q

Thanatos

A

The part of our unconscious that causes our aggressive drive

54
Q

Ego Defence Mechanisms

A

Behaviour strategies used by the individual to protect itself

55
Q

Vicarious Learning

A

Learning through observation

56
Q

Monitoring

A

Judging whether our own behaviour is appropriate or not

57
Q

PET Scan

A

A technique to show how the brain is working, by imaging it while the patient carries out a mental task

58
Q

Ritalin

A

A drug used to control ADHD

59
Q

Psychosurgery

A

An operation on the brain, to remove or destroy the part of the brain that is causing abnormal behaviour

60
Q

Catharsis

A

The process of getting rid of your emotion by watching other people experience emotion

61
Q

Questionnaire

A

A set of standard questions about a topic that is given to all participants in a survey

62
Q

Survey

A

A method used for collecting information about a large number of people by asking them questions

63
Q

Closed Question

A

A question where there a fixed set of possible responses

64
Q

Open Question

A

A question where the person answering can give any response they like

65
Q

Interview

A

A method in which a researcher collects data by asking questions directly

66
Q

Structured Interview

A

An interview in which all questions are pre-set, given in a fixed order, and every interviewee is asked the same questions

67
Q

Unstructured Interview

A

An interview in which only a few questions are set, and the rest of the questions are determined by the answers of the interviewee (like a discussion)

68
Q

Natural Observation

A

Watching the behaviour of people in their usual environment

69
Q

Observation Study

A

A method of collecting information about behaviour by watching and recording people’s actions

70
Q

Categories of Behaviour

A

The separate actions that are recorded as examples of the target behaviour

71
Q

Inter-observer Reliability

A

How similar the results produced by each observer are

When this is high, the records made by more than one observer in a study are considered to be accurate because they are similar to each other

72
Q

Case Study

A

An in-depth investigation of an individual, small group or organisation

73
Q

Relationship

A

A connection between two or more variables

74
Q

Variables

A

A factor (or thing) that can change

75
Q

Correlation

A

A technique used to establish the strength of a relationship between two variables

76
Q

Scatter Graph

A

A graph for representing correlations

77
Q

Positive Correlation

A

A relationship between two variables, in which as one increases, the other increases

78
Q

Negative Correlation

A

A relationship between two variables, in which as one increases, the other decreases

79
Q

No Correlation

A

There is no relationship between two variables

Psychology (4 decks)

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