Unit 2 Key Terms

Question 1

orange-yellow pigment found in orange vegetables that accumulates in epidermal cells and can be converted into Vitamin A

Answer 1

Carotene

Question 2

the epidermis and the underlying dermis

Answer 2

Cutaneous Membrane

Question 3

bluish discoloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated blood in the vessels near the body surface

Answer 3

Cyanosis

Question 4

the connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis of the skin

Answer 4

Dermis

Question 5

the epithelium covering the surface of the skin

Answer 5

Epidermis

Question 6

superficial reddening of the skin as a result of injury or irritation causing dilation of the blood capillaries

Answer 6

Erythema

Question 7

tough, fibrosis protein component of nails, hair, calluses, and the general integumentary surface

Answer 7

Keratin

Question 8

yellow-brown pigment produced by melanocytes of the skin

Answer 8

Melanin

Question 9

oily secretions that inhibit the growth of bacteria and conditions the skin

Answer 9

Sebum

Question 10

vitamin found in skin that is produced by exposure to UV radiation from the sun

Answer 10

Vitamin D3

Question 11

plural for “bursa,” which is a small sac filled with synovial fluid that cushions adjacent structures and reduces friction

Answer 11

Bursae

Question 12

dense bone containing parallel osteons

Answer 12

Compact Bone

Question 13

dense broad of connective tissue fibers that attaches one bone to another

Answer 13

Ligament

Question 14

AKA “medullary cavity,” central space of long bone that contains bone marrow

Answer 14

Marrow Cavity

Question 15

fibrocartilage pad between opposing surfaces in a joint

Answer 15

Meniscus

Question 16

a cell that produces the fibers and matrix of a bone

Answer 16

Osteoblasts

Question 17

a cell that dissolves the fibers and matrix of a bone

Answer 17

Osteoclasts

Question 18

a bone cell responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone

Answer 18

Osteocyte

Question 19

basic histological unit of compact bone, consisting of osteocytes organized around a central canal and separated by concentric lamellae

Answer 19

Osteon

Question 20

inadequate ossification of bones as we age, making them thinner and weaker

Answer 20

Osteopenia

Question 21

a condition that reduces bone mass so much that normal function is compromised

Answer 21

Osteoporosis

Question 22

softening of bones as a result of poor mineralization due to a vitamin d3 deficiency

Answer 22

Rickets

Question 23

reduction in osteoblast activity due to vitamin C deficiency that leads to weak and brittle bones

Answer 23

Scurvy

Question 24

bone that consists of an interlacing network of bony rods (struts) separated by spaces; fills the epiphyses and lines the marrow cavity

Answer 24

Spongy Bone

Question 25

substance secreted by synovial membranes that lubricates joints

Answer 25

Synovial Fluid

Question 26

collagenous band that connects a skeletal muscle to an element of the skeleton

Answer 26

Tendon

Question 27

layer that surrounds a bone, consisting of an outer fibrous and inner cellular region

Answer 27

Periosteum

Question 28

protein component of microfilaments; forms thin filaments in skeletal muscles and produces contractions of all muscles through interaction with thick myosin filaments

Answer 28

Actin

Question 29

protein component of the thick myofilaments

Answer 29

Myosin

Question 30

wasting away of tissues from the lack of use, ischemia, or nutritional abnormalities

Answer 30

Atrophy

Question 31

an oxygen-binding pigment especially common in slow skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers

Answer 31

Myoglobin

Question 32

a muscle responsible for a specific movement

Answer 32

Agonist

Question 33

point of attachment of a muscle which does not change position when the muscle contracts

Answer 33

Origin

Question 34

point of attachment of a muscle - the end that is most movable

Answer 34

Insertion

Question 35

smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber; myofilaments that are organized into repeating functional units

Answer 35

Sarcomere

Question 36

myosin head that projects from the surface of a thick filament and can bind to an active site of a thin filament in the presence of calcium ions

Answer 36

Cross-bridge

Question 37

a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

Answer 37

Motor Unit

Question 38

increase in the size of tissue without cell division

Answer 38

Hypertrophy

Question 39

a muscle that assists a prime mover in performing its primary action

Answer 39

Synergist

Question 40

a muscle that opposes the movement of an agonist

Answer 40

Antagonist

Question 41

(ACh) chemical neurotransmitter in the brain and PNS (peripheral nervous system); dominant neurotransmitter in PNS, released at neuromuscular junctions and synapses of the parasympathetic division

Answer 41

Acetylcholine

Question 42

a narrow space that separates the axon terminal from the sarcolemma

Answer 42

Synaptic Cleft

Question 43

specialized structures at the end of neurons that allow for communication with other neurons; release neurotransmitters into the synapse in response to an action potential

Answer 43

Synaptic Terminal

Question 44

portion of the sarcolemma that contains receptors that bind ACh

Answer 44

Motor end plate

Question 45

a propagated change in the membrane potential of excitable cells, initiated by a change in the membrane permeability to sodium ions

Answer 45

Action Potential

Question 46

muscular contraction characterized by rising tension production but no change in length

Answer 46

Isometric Contraction

Question 47

muscular contraction during which tension climbs and then remains stable as the muscle shortens

Answer 47

Isotonic Contraction