Unit 2 - KA2.1 Field Techniques Flashcards
What is a risk assessment?
document that - identifies the potential hazards- assesses the likelihood of them happening- clearly describes the steps that can be taken to minimize their occurrence
What are the four hazards involved in field work?
- Terrain
- Weather Conditions
- Isolation
- Tides
What can you do to prepare for- terrains- tides
- Appropriate footwear
- consult tide tables
How should sampling be carried out
manner that minimizes impact on wild species and habitats
What are the three main sampling techniques
- Transect Surveys
- Point count
- Remote detection
Describe a transect study
- a transect is a line along which different samples can be taken
- set up in an area where abiotic factors are changing
- plant abundance/abundance of sessile organisms are sampled
- Can use quadrats or meters
What is a point count? Give an example of a species that is sampled using a point count
- sampling technique where counting all the species seen/heard in a given area over a set period of time
- stationary point
- comparisons can be made throughout the year
Example - birds
Give a sampling technique that can be used for elusive species
Remote detection
Give examples of remote detection
-Scat sampling
-Camera traps
What are the three approaches of sampling?
-Random
-Stratified
-Systematic
Describe random sampling
Individuals selected from the larger populations must be chosen completely at chance
What is this an example of? 10 people from each year were chosen to complete a health test
Stratified
What type of sampling are transect surveys?
Systematic
How can a species be identified?
- Classification guides
- Biological Keys
- Lab Analysis of DNA
What is a benefit of being familiar with taxonomic groupings?
Allows predictions to be made about the biology of an unknown or lesser-known organism
What is a model organism?
Model organisms are organisms that scientists already know a lot about and have been studying for many years
Give examples of model organisms
E. coli, Drosophila, Yeast and Mice
Give a benefit of model organisms
Help biologists understand many processes that happen in organisms that are harder to studyLet scientists make predictions about more complex organisms
Give a benefit to humans of model organisms
Knowledge of pathway in one organism can provide insight into same pathway in humans
What is the difference between convergent and divergent evolution?
convergent - organisms who are not closely related, same pressures, develop similar phenotypes
divergent - closely related species with different selection pressures, develop opposite phenotypes
What are the three domains of life?
- Archae
- Bacteria
- Eukaryota
What are three main animal kingdom divisions
1 - chordata
2 - arthropoda
3 - nematoda
What about a indicator species can give information on the quality of the environment
It’s presence, absence or abundance
What can biodiversity of lichen species in an area indicate
the levels of sulphur dioxide in the air
What is the mark and recapture equation
n = mc/r
n - estimate of total population
m - number captured and released in first sample
c - number captured in second sample
r - number of marked recaptured in second sample
what can marking techniques not do
make the animal more conspicuous (this will affect the “r” value)
what are the assumptions made when doing a mark and recapture
- all individuals have an equal chance of capture
- no immigration or emigration during study
- no birth or death during sample time
- sampling methods are the same each time
What are some methods of marking
- banding
- tagging
- surgical implantation
- painting
- hair clipping
What is ethology?
the study of animal behaviour
What is an ethogram?
the recording of all observed behaviours shown by a species over a particular period of time
What is the application of human qualities to animal behaviours?
anthropomorphism
What is the issues with anthropomorphism when carrying out an ethogram?
Can lead to invalid conclusions.
What data points are recorded in an ethogram?
Latency - is the time between the stimulus
occurring and the response behaviour.
Frequency - is the number of times a
behaviour occurs within the observation
period.
Duration - is the length of time each behaviour
occurs during the observation period.
