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AH Biology > Unit 2 KA1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 KA1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is fieldwork?

A

Practical work carried out outside the lab

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2
Q

What might researchers want to monitor?

A

Endangered species

Find out the effects of deforestation on biodiversity

See the effects of hunting

Discover a new species

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3
Q

What does controlling variables outside the lab result in?

A

Makes it much more complex to identify hazards and minimise risks

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4
Q

What are the main hazards in fieldwork?

A

Terrain

Weather conditions

Isolation

Contact with harmful organisms

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5
Q

What is a risk?

A

the likelihood that exposure to a hazard would cause significant harm

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6
Q

What do risk assessments involve?

A

Highlighting risks and then identifying control measures to minimise the risks

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7
Q

What do control measures include?

A

Appropriate clothing, footwear, equipment and communication

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8
Q

When should risk assessments be carried out?

A

Before any fieldwork

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9
Q

What must you consider about hazards?

A

The likelihood of the hazard occurring, how you can control it and the likelihood of it occurring after your control mechanism

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10
Q

What level of likelihood should all hazards be and why?

A

all hazards should be low level after the control mechanism otherwise it’s not safe to work

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11
Q

How should sampling be carried out?

A

In a matter than minimises impact on wild species and habitats

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12
Q

What should be given consideration?

A

Rare and vulnerable species and habitats protected by legislation

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13
Q

What are quad-rats used for?

A

Sessile and slow moving organisms

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14
Q

What is point count used for and what does it involve?

A

Used to sample birds, involves the observer recording all individuals seen from a fixed point count location

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15
Q

What are transects used to determine?

A

Changes in the community along a gradient, can be in the form of a line or belt\band

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16
Q

What is remote detection?

A

Using satellites to gather data in hard to access areas

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17
Q

What are camera traps used to determine?

A

Provide direct evidence

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18
Q

What is scat sampling used for?

A

Provide indirect evidence about elusive species

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19
Q

What do capture techniques use?

A

Traps or nets to capture mobile species

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20
Q

What happens in random sampling?

A

All members of the population have an equal chance of being Selected

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21
Q

When is random sampling used?

A

When the area being tested is very large or uniform, or if there is a limited timeframe in which to obtain results

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22
Q

Explain ecological sampling

A

Self selection of sampling sites are rarely truly random

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23
Q

Explain researchers bias

A

Can occur even when trying to be random, may want to randomly generate areas using a grid

24
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Members of a population are selected at a regular internals

25
Q

When is stratified sampling used?

A

When random sampling may result in a disproportionate emphasis being placed on one category

26
Q

What is meant by representative sampling?

A

Same mean as the population as a whole and same degree of variation around the mean

27
Q

What is used for the identification of a sample?

A

Expertise

Classification guides

Keys

Laboratory analysis of DNA or protein

28
Q

How are organisms classified?

A

Taxonomy and phylogenetics

29
Q

What does taxonomy involve?

A

The identification and naming of organisms and their classification into groups based on shared characteristics

30
Q

What is this based on?

A

Morphology (form & structure)

31
Q

Recite the order of taxonomy?

A

Domain > kingdom > phylum > class > order > family > genus > species

32
Q

Explain each animal phyla

A

Chordata = sea squirts, vertebrates

Arthropoda = joint-legged invertebrates

Nematoda = round worms: very diverse, mainly parasitic

Platyhelminthes = flat worms: bilateral symmetry, internal organs but no body

Mollusca = diverse, many with shells

33
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms

34
Q

What is used to create phylogenetic trees?

A

DNA sequences and protein structure

35
Q

How does this help?

A

Helps map out relationships that can become obscured or confused due to divergent or convergent evolution

36
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

Process whereby groups from the same common ancestor evolve and accumulate differences

37
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

The evolution of similar features in different species

38
Q

What does being familiar with taxonomic grouping allow?

A

Predictions to be made about the biology of an organism from better-known organisms

39
Q

What are model organisms?

A

Organisms that are either Easily studied or well studied

40
Q

Give examples of model organisms

A

E-Coli, fruit fly

41
Q

Describe indicator species

A

Presence, absence or abundance of indicator species can give information of environmental qualities

42
Q

What does absence or reduced population indicate?

A

A species is susceptible to some factor in the environment

43
Q

What does abundance or increase population indicate?

A

It is favoured by the conditions

44
Q

What must marking populations minimise?

A

The impact on the chosen species

45
Q

Explain Banding as a method of marking

A

A visible coded metal or plastic loop attached around part of the organism

46
Q

Explain tagging as a method of marking

A

A visible coded metal or plastic tag inserted into or onto the organism

47
Q

Explain surgical implantation as a method of marking

A

A microchip inserted into the organism; Read by an electronic reader

48
Q

Explain painting as a method of marking

A

A code painted onto the surface of an organism

49
Q

Explain hair clipping as a method of marking

A

A distinctive area of fur trimmed on small animals

50
Q

What is mark & recapture?

A

A method for estimating population size

51
Q

Explain each step of N = (MC)/R

A

N = estimated total population

M = a sample of the population is captured, marked and released

C = after time, a second sample is captured

R = the number In the second sample that have been marked and recaptured are recorded

52
Q

What does mark and recapture assume?

A

All individuals have an equal chance of capture

There is no immigration or emigration

Individuals that are marked and released can fully and randomly mic with the total population

53
Q

What is used to measure animal behaviour?

A

Frequency, duration and latency

54
Q

Explain frequency

A

The number of times a behaviour occurs within the observation period

55
Q

Explain duration

A

The length of time each behaviour occurs during the observation period

56
Q

Explain latency

A

Time between a stimulus occurring and the response behaviour

57
Q

What is an ethogram?

A

A recording of all the observed behaviours shown by a species over a particular period of time

AH Biology (1 decks)

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