Unit 2 KA1 Flashcards by Abbie Hindle

What is fieldwork?

Practical work carried out outside the lab

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What might researchers want to monitor?

Endangered species

Find out the effects of deforestation on biodiversity

See the effects of hunting

Discover a new species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does controlling variables outside the lab result in?

Makes it much more complex to identify hazards and minimise risks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the main hazards in fieldwork?

Terrain

Weather conditions

Isolation

Contact with harmful organisms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a risk?

the likelihood that exposure to a hazard would cause significant harm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do risk assessments involve?

Highlighting risks and then identifying control measures to minimise the risks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do control measures include?

Appropriate clothing, footwear, equipment and communication

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When should risk assessments be carried out?

Before any fieldwork

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What must you consider about hazards?

The likelihood of the hazard occurring, how you can control it and the likelihood of it occurring after your control mechanism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What level of likelihood should all hazards be and why?

all hazards should be low level after the control mechanism otherwise it’s not safe to work

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How should sampling be carried out?

In a matter than minimises impact on wild species and habitats

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What should be given consideration?

Rare and vulnerable species and habitats protected by legislation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are quad-rats used for?

Sessile and slow moving organisms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is point count used for and what does it involve?

Used to sample birds, involves the observer recording all individuals seen from a fixed point count location

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are transects used to determine?

Changes in the community along a gradient, can be in the form of a line or belt\band

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is remote detection?

Using satellites to gather data in hard to access areas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are camera traps used to determine?

Provide direct evidence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is scat sampling used for?

Provide indirect evidence about elusive species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do capture techniques use?

Traps or nets to capture mobile species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens in random sampling?

All members of the population have an equal chance of being Selected

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When is random sampling used?

When the area being tested is very large or uniform, or if there is a limited timeframe in which to obtain results

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain ecological sampling

Self selection of sampling sites are rarely truly random

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain researchers bias

Can occur even when trying to be random, may want to randomly generate areas using a grid

What is systematic sampling?

Members of a population are selected at a regular internals

When is stratified sampling used?

When random sampling may result in a disproportionate emphasis being placed on one category

What is meant by representative sampling?

Same mean as the population as a whole and same degree of variation around the mean

What is used for the identification of a sample?

Expertise Classification guides Keys Laboratory analysis of DNA or protein

How are organisms classified?

Taxonomy and phylogenetics

What does taxonomy involve?

The identification and naming of organisms and their classification into groups based on shared characteristics

What is this based on?

Morphology (form & structure)

Recite the order of taxonomy?

Domain > kingdom > phylum > class > order > family > genus > species

Explain each animal phyla

Chordata = sea squirts, vertebrates Arthropoda = joint-legged invertebrates Nematoda = round worms: very diverse, mainly parasitic Platyhelminthes = flat worms: bilateral symmetry, internal organs but no body Mollusca = diverse, many with shells

What is phylogenetics?

study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms

What is used to create phylogenetic trees?

DNA sequences and protein structure

How does this help?

Helps map out relationships that can become obscured or confused due to divergent or convergent evolution

What is divergent evolution?

Process whereby groups from the same common ancestor evolve and accumulate differences

What is convergent evolution?

The evolution of similar features in different species

What does being familiar with taxonomic grouping allow?

Predictions to be made about the biology of an organism from better-known organisms

What are model organisms?

Organisms that are either Easily studied or well studied

Give examples of model organisms

E-Coli, fruit fly

Describe indicator species

Presence, absence or abundance of indicator species can give information of environmental qualities

What does absence or reduced population indicate?

A species is susceptible to some factor in the environment

What does abundance or increase population indicate?

It is favoured by the conditions

What must marking populations minimise?

The impact on the chosen species

Explain Banding as a method of marking

A visible coded metal or plastic loop attached around part of the organism

Explain tagging as a method of marking

A visible coded metal or plastic tag inserted into or onto the organism

Explain surgical implantation as a method of marking

A microchip inserted into the organism; Read by an electronic reader

Explain painting as a method of marking

A code painted onto the surface of an organism

Explain hair clipping as a method of marking

A distinctive area of fur trimmed on small animals

What is mark & recapture?

A method for estimating population size

Explain each step of N = (MC)/R

N = estimated total population M = a sample of the population is captured, marked and released C = after time, a second sample is captured R = the number In the second sample that have been marked and recaptured are recorded

What does mark and recapture assume?

All individuals have an equal chance of capture There is no immigration or emigration Individuals that are marked and released can fully and randomly mic with the total population

What is used to measure animal behaviour?

Frequency, duration and latency

Explain frequency

The number of times a behaviour occurs within the observation period

Explain duration

The length of time each behaviour occurs during the observation period

Explain latency

Time between a stimulus occurring and the response behaviour

What is an ethogram?

A recording of all the observed behaviours shown by a species over a particular period of time