Unit 2: Introduction to the Nervous System

Question 1

Nervous System
(controls everything, manages all other systems, every body part has its own nerves)
What is it?

Answer 1

-The network of nerve cells and fibers which transmits nerve pulses (messages) between parts of the body.

Question 2

Sensory Information

Answer 2

any information about the external environment carried from sensory organs (retina in the eye, cochlea in the ear etc, senses) or the internal (body temp, water levels) to the brain (CNS) by somatic NS=Peripheral NS

Question 3

Motor Information

Answer 3

Any information about how to respond to (stimuli) external environment carried from brain (CNS) to internal organs (heart or lungs, or muscles for movement)

Question 4

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 4

-The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
-It processes sensory information to activate appropriate actions.
-This process occurs extremely rapidly and continuously.
- if question is abt any judgment of sensory info, must be CNS

Question 5

Brain’s function in CNS

Answer 5

Constantly receives and processes information and co-ordinates a response.

Question 6

Spinal cord function in CNS

Answer 6

Spinal cord connects the brain to the rest of the body.
functions:
- it sends info. from sensory neurons in various parts of the body to the brain.
- it relays motor commands back to muscles and organs via motor neurons (from brain to PNS)

Question 7

What could happen if spinal cord is damaged?

Answer 7

• loss of sensation (touch, temp, etc.) because sensory info can’t flow from sensory organs to brain
• loss of motor control (movement)

Question 8

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 8

The PNS is connected to the spinal cord and consists of all nerves outside the CNS.
-It carries sensory information from the body to the CNS, and motor information from the CNS to the body/ bodily organs

• peripheral means outside - of CNS

Question 9

Two divisions of PNS:

Answer 9

Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system

Question 10

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 10

-The Somatic NS transmits sensory information to the CNS from sensory organs and carries out its motor commands.
-Then conveys motor information from CNS to voluntary skeletal muscles for voluntary muscle movements.

Question 11

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 11

• readies the body for the flight or fight response when it exposed to threats, stimulus or stressors (doesn’t necessarily mean stress) e.g a sound or person
  -throws off homeostasis

Question 12

2 divisions of nervous system

Answer 12

1. central nervous system
2. Peripheral NS
   Both work together

Question 13

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 13

-is responsible for automatic/ involuntary responses
-carries info between the CNS and internal bodily structures (organs) that carry out basic life processes e.g heart rate and breathing

Question 14

Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 14

1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic

Question 15

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

-supports more mundane, or routine activities, that maintain the body’s store of energy (e.g, regulating blood sugar levels, secreting saliva)
- maintains homeostasis= brings everything back to normal
-when a threat has passed the parasympathetic NS resumes control from the sympathetic NS

Question 16

Sympathetic responses
- during high levels of threat part 1

Answer 16

-dilates pupils of the eyes allow for more light to enter the eyes and improve sight when needed e.g under threat
-heart rate increases to energise the body for activity by increasing delivery of O2 and glucose to voluntary skeletal muscles
-bladder relaxes=pee your pants to allow for more essential bodily functions during activity

Question 17

Sympathetic responses
- during high levels of threat part 2

Answer 17

-lung airways relax and expand to allow for increased oxygenation required for more intense activity
-digestion is inhibited to allow for more essential bodily functions needed during activity
-adrenal glands secrete stress hormones to energise the body

Question 18

Parasympathetic responses
-during rest and inactivity
part 1

Answer 18

-constricts pupils of the eyes according to the light levels required to see optimally
-heart beats at a rate best for optimal functioning during inactivity by directing blood flow evenly around the body as skeletal muscles don’t need increased blood flow at rest.
-lung airways constrict for ideal breathing rate at rest

Question 19

Parasympathetic responses
-during rest and inactivity
part 2

Answer 19

-digestion operates to allow for regular eating
-bladder constricts and is controlled
-adrenal glands don’t secrete stress hormones to allow the body to rest
-body reduces release of glucose so it doesn’t deplete the body of energy.

Question 20

sensory/afferent neurons

Answer 20

-transmit info from sensory cells in the body(called receptors), PNS to the brain, CNS (either directly or through the spinal cord), takes the afferent pathway
-in the PNS

Question 21

interneurons

Answer 21

-function= organises and integrates sensory info in the brain, then initiates and coordinates motor responses. Provide link between sensory and motor neurons
-in the CNS

Question 22

motor/efferent neurons

Answer 22

-transmits commands from the interneurons to the effector glands, organs and muscles of the body, from CNS to body
-takes efferent pathway
-in the PNS

Question 23

synaptic knobs or terminal buttons

Answer 23

contain vesicles which hold neurotransmitters involved in moving signals to adjacent cells, transmit chemical info to other neurons

Question 24

synapse or synaptic gap

Answer 24

-the space between neurons where transmission occurs
-where neurons meet but never physically touch

Question 25

Electrochemical communication

Answer 25

neurons communicate using electrochemical energy
-electrical=within the neuron-electrical impulse is transmitted along the neuron
-chemical= between neurons- takes place in the synapse when a neurotransmitter are sent from the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron, to the dendrites of the post synaptic neuron.
-electrical signal stimulates the chemical

Question 26

Glial cells

Answer 26

main function= provide the structural framework that enable a network of neurons to remain connected
other functions=
-supply nutrients and 02 to neurons so they can function
-destroy and remove dead neurons
-soak up excess neurotransmitters at the synapse that can clog the communication between neurons
-block the entrance of toxic barriers to the brain

Question 27

Communication between neurons

Answer 27

relies on an action potential

Question 28

Neurotransmitters- 3 Key steps of chemical communication?

Answer 28

1. Synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters within the nerve cell, inside the axon terminals
2. When an action potential reaches the axon terminals of a presynaptic neuron, the synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synapse.
3. These neurotransmitters bind to the receptor sites on the dendrites of the post synaptic neuron and alter its action.

Question 29

The cerebral cortex, function

Answer 29

-is the largest part of the brain
function= receiving and processing sensory information, initiating motor responses.
- plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language and consciousness

Question 29

What is meant by “complementary molecular structure”

Answer 29

-This means that the distinct molecular structure of the neurotransmitters being matched by the receptor site means that the receptor site will only respond to specific neurotransmitters and ignore others
- not the same shape but complementary

Question 29

Detailed flow chart of Neural communication

Answer 29

Dendrites receive neurotransmitters from a previous neuron which stimulates an action potential> the signal pass through the cell body which collects the message> axon generates an action potential> the neural impulse reaches the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron> then it reaches the terminal buttons which causes the vesicles to release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap> the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse> the neurotransmitters (key) then bind to receptor sites (lock) on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron> the neurotransmitters then make the post synaptic neuron have a excitatory effect= stimulates/activate post synaptic neuron, increasing the likelihood of firing an action potential e.g glutamate OR an inhibitory effect= suppress/slow down post synaptic neuron, decreasing the likelihood of firing an action potential e.g GABA

Question 29

Contralateral organisation

Answer 29

Right hemisphere receives sensory info from the LHS of the body and controls movements on LHS of the body. The opposite is true of the left hemisphere

Question 29

Glutamate
-an excitatory neurotransmitter
function and location

Answer 29

-found in the hippocampus and outer layers of the cerebral cortex
-associated with= cognition, learning ( when practicing a new skill Glutamate is release by neurons in brain= reinforces neural pathway and retain what you have learned), memory, behaviour, movement, sensation
-When combined with the receptor site NMDA, it is associated with LTP

Question 29

What is LTP?

Answer 29

Long term synaptic strength following high frequency stimulation of synapse

Question 29

Too much Glutamate?

Answer 29

-abnormal neural development (inappropriate neural connections forming e.g additional reflexes, sensation etc)
-neurodegenerative diseases- neuronal damage or death e.g motor neuron disease

Question 29

GABA (gamma amino butyric acid)
- an inhibitory neurotransmitter
- function and location

Answer 29

-found extensively through the whole nervous system
-reverses the effects of excitatory neurotransmitters e.g reduces stress b/c low levels of GABA are associated with high anxiety levels and GABA is used to treat anxiety
-ends fight or flight response
-alcohol can decrease GABA activity

Question 30

Neural transmission requires a balance between Glutamate and GABA b/c ?

Answer 30

-overstimulation of neurons can lead to nerve damage
-if there are only excitatory neurotransmitters there would be no flexibility in responses of post synaptic neuron ( they would only be able to fire an action potential in response to inputs

Question 30

cerebral hemispheres

Answer 30

two divisions of the cerebral cortex
- a longitudinal fissure seperates these two hemispheres

Question 30

gyri

Answer 30

the elevation points of the brain

Question 30

sulci

Answer 30

the folds or groove that seperate gyri

Question 31

Specialized functions of Left Hemisphere

Answer 31

-verbal functions: aspects associated with language, writing, speaking, reading
-analytical functions: logical reasoning, critical evaluation
-non-verbal: sensory and motor functions from the RHS of body ( if damaged= sensation of RHS=lost
-if Left hemisphere=damaged= no communication

Question 31

Specialised Functions of the Right Hemisphere:

Answer 31

• Non verbal functions:
• Spatial and visual thinking e.g. jigsaws, map reading, recognizing faces, appreciating art and music, creativity and fantasy
• Recognition of emotions relating to facial expressions.
• Sensory and motor functions of LHS of body ( if right is damaged= sensation of LHS=lost)
  -no language capacity b/c no Broca’s area, can’t perform verbal functions on its own

Question 32

corpus callosum

Answer 32

• Bridge of nerve tissue that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
• allows for communication between the two hemispheres

Question 33

the 4 divisions of lobes

Answer 33

Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe

Question 34

Primary motor cortex of Frontal lobe, function and how is it organised

Answer 34

• controls voluntary bodily movement of skeletal muscles
• organised contra-laterally
  -Areas of specialisation are organised so that parts higher on the body are controlled e.g lips by the lower parts of PMC and vice versa

Question 35

Broca’s area

Answer 35

• Broca’s area is a region in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere

Broca’s area is linked to:
* Producing speech articulate speech
* coordinates muscles responsible for clear speech (e.g tongue, mouth, vocal cords)
* Capacity to use words other than simple nouns and verbs
* Capacity to at add suffixes to words
* Capacity to produce written language

Question 36

Primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe

Answer 36

• sound processing and higher level auditory processing (recognising aspects of sound which are specific to speech)
  -verbal sound are mainly processed in Left Hemisphere
  -non -verbal (e.g music) are mainly processed in right hemisphere

Question 37

Wernicke’s area

Answer 37

• Wernicke’s area (Temporal lobe) →
  Involved in the comprehension of speech (i.e., making sense of verbal communication).

Question 38

what is Broca’s Aphasia
(non-fluent aphasia)

Answer 38

the damage to Broca’s area and characterized by non-fluent speech, language comprehension is normal, person is aware of their problems

Question 39

what is Wernicke’s Aphasia
(fluent aphasia)

Answer 39

-results in deficits in the comprehension of language
-severe= complete absence of understanding language (verbal, written or sign)
-speech is fluent but it may not make sense to listeners and patients don’t understand what they are saying=meaningless speech or jargon aphasia
- patients= unaware of problems, can’t function independently

Question 40

Function of Nervous System

Answer 40

-It receives and processes sensory information from the environment and transmits motor information around the body, that, in turn, determines our reaction to environment stimuli.

Question 41

Damage to primary auditory cortex?

Answer 41

e.g stroke= might cause deficits in ability to detect changes in pitch, localize sound in space or understand speech

Question 42

What is aphasia?

Answer 42

is an impairment in language production or comprehension brought by neurological damage

Question 43

Association areas of temporal lobe

Answer 43

-memory= linked to hippocampus= essential for converting short term memories to long term, linking emotions to memory, determining appropriate emotional responses to memory
-face and object recognition

Question 44

Damage to temporal lobe?

Answer 44

-lead to amnesia= inability to recognise someone as a person they know or a place

Question 45

Other functions of frontal lobe/ executive functions

Answer 45

-planning, personality, judgement, decision making, thinking, feeling, behaving, impulse control
-it is the end point for most sensory info that is processed by other lobes, coordinates functions of other lobes

Question 46

homunculus?

Answer 46

-is a visual representation of what the body would look if there was a 1:1 ratio of cortical area to body parts

Question 47

Parietal lobe, Primary Somatosensory cortex (primary cortical area), function?

Answer 47

function of primary ss cortex= receives and processes information from skin and body, enabling perception of bodily sensations,
-other function of parietal lobe=
visual attention, spatial reasoning (e.g interpreting maps), locating objects

Question 48

How is primary Somatosensory cortex organised?

Answer 48

-Contralaterally
-separated from motor cortex in frontal lobe by the central sulcus
-parts higher on the body e.g lips are controlled by the lower parts of PMC and vice versa

Question 49

Homunculus and somatosensory cortex

Answer 49

body parts that are have more sensory receptors/ more sensitive to sensory stimuli e.g the lips will receive more areas of the cortex than others compared to those that are less sensitive e.g neck

Question 50

Spatial Neglect

Answer 50

-is the inability of a person to process and perceive stimuli on one side of the body or env.
-commonly contralateral to damaged hemisphere e.g to right parietal lobe=left spatial neglect
-attention deficit not visual deficit
e.g when drawing a clock they will only draw half, b/c think they’ve drawn everything

Question 51

Occipital lobe

Answer 51

Primary visual cortex=processes info from the eyes
specialised neurons detect and respond to different elements of what we see e.g orientation, shape, motion, colour
-association areas interact with other lobes

Question 52

Neural Pathways from the eyes

Answer 52

-Right visual field goes to left receptive field in the eye and then to left visual cortex, vice versa for left visual field
-there is cross over of both RVF and LVF when both eyes are used= they both go to both eyes, just to their sides e.g RVF will go to left side of both eyes

Question 53

Explain how the central and somatic NS would act as a communication system to tell Efran to walk away after the dog had bit him?

Answer 53

Efran’s body as part of the somatic NS would register the aggressive dog’s bite and send sensory messages abt it to the CNS. The CNS would process this pain/touch info (if it was visual info= CNS will perceive it as a potential threat) and coordinate a response, telling the leg skeletal muscles in the SNS to walk away via motor messages.

Question 54

Why are there sympathetic responses during high levels of threat?

Answer 54

B/c our body will interpret certain things as a threat so the body is adapting to help us deal with the threat

Question 55

Structure of Cerebral cortex

Answer 55

structure= convoluted ( folded), 2 hemispheres,
each hemisphere divided into four cortical lobes
-each lobe has a sensory or motor function referred to as a primary cortical area (PMC)

Question 56

What is hemispheric specialisation?

Answer 56

although each hemisphere is responsible for different aspects of the brain functions, both the left and right work together to coordinate responses/functions

Question 57

What is split brain surgery?

Answer 57

-to cure epilepsy, reduce severity of seizures
-involves cutting the corpus callosum t/f there’s no communication b/w the two hemispheres

Question 58

Experiments on ppl with a split brain?

Answer 58

Due to contralateral function (explain it)
-patients were able to recognise/ name/ draw images projected in RVF ( as info was sent to left hemisphere= can operate language functions on its own
- w/a objects in the left visual field could not be named and recognised
-H/w ppl still saw the pencil on the LFV and were able to locate it with left hand (b/c on LVF) despite not being able to verbalise it (b/c info from LVF goes to right hemisphere, which has no language capacity on its own and no communication b/w two hemispheres b/c of severed corpus callosum) = purely a language deficit not visual

Question 59

Specialised regions of cerebral cortex?

Answer 59

primary cortex of each lobe, Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

Question 60

What is the Limbic system?

Answer 60

-combines higher-order mental functions and primitive emotion into one system
-located beneath the cerebrum on both sides of thalamus

Question 61

Amygdala/ amygdalae location?

Answer 61

is a small, almond shaped collection of neurons located deep inside temporal lobe

Question 62

Function of Amygdala
(process fear faster than cerebral cortex therefore we react to danger before we are consciously aware of it)

Answer 62

-involved in emotional reactions and processing fear
-when we are exposed to a fearful or dangerous stimulus, this info is send directly to amygdala which then passes it to hypothalamus, which activates the fight of flight response
-forming and storing long term, emotional memories, learning new info, decision making

Question 63

Damage to amygdala leads to?

Answer 63

-loss of fear response
-impaired decision making=lose natural aversion to risk and loss
-memory loss
-hypervigilance= becomes sensitive to minor facial expression=possible threat

Question 64

Explain memory loss in terms of damage to amygdala?

Answer 64

-hippocampus and amygdala closely work together to process memories. Amygdala encodes emotional aspect of memory w/a hippocampus encodes context. If damaged, this double encoding can’t happen -> harder for brain to sort which memories are important -> more memory loss (emotional memory) b/c can’t connect emotion to context

Question 65

a function of hippocampus/hippocampi?

Answer 65

convert short term to long term memory

Question 66

What don’t you loose when there is damage to hippocampus?

Answer 66

-don’t lose previously formed memories
-don’t lose procedural memory (Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum)= knowing how to do something

Question 67

The amygdala and the hippocampus are situated close to one another b/c ?

Answer 67

important emotional experiences need to be transferred to long term memory so that they can be recalled

Question 68

How is the thalamus a filter?

Answer 68

-sits on top of brainstem, deep in center of brain
-acts as a sensory way station for all incoming sensory info to relevant primary area of cerebral cortex so that it can be processed accordingly, unimportant info is filtered out, it does this for all sensory information except smell.

Question 69

Damage to thalamus?

Answer 69

• risk of coma ( x reactivate sensory awareness)
  -can lead to sensory changes in a body part ( x know where to send sensory info e.g visual -> blindness)
  -movement disorders, lack of movement ( inappropriate inefficient motor response to stimuli)

Question 70

main function and location of hypothalamus?

Answer 70

located= below the thalamus, on top of brainstem
function= maintenance of the internal physiological state of the body/ homeostasis, connects NS to endocrine system (hormones)

Question 71

Damage to hypothalamus

Answer 71

• x regulate homeostasis, hormonal disorder ( too much or too little of a specific hormone)
  -damage to ventro medial hypothalamus= lose capacity to feel full= becomes obese
  -damage to lateral hypothalamus= lose capacity to feel hungry= force fed or starve
  -similar with thirst response

Question 72

location of cingulate gyrus

Answer 72

beneath cerebral cortex, above brainstem

Question 73

functions of cingulate gyrus

Answer 73

coordinates sensory input with emotions, emotional responses to pain, regulates aggressive behaviour, communication (links with Broca’s area), maternal bonding, language expression (links with Broca’s area), decision making

Question 74

Emotional and behavioral disorders linking to damage to cingulate gyrus include:

Answer 74

depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD)

Question 75

Function and location of Basal Ganglia

Answer 75

-is a group of cells located deep in the frontal lobes
-organises habitual motor behaviour and procedural memories

Question 76

What is an actional potential?

Answer 76

-electrical message that is sent down along the neuron
-firing neuron that is carried along axon

Question 77

How does CT work?

Answer 77

• a CT scanner emits a series of narrow beams through the human body as it moves through an arc
  -the CT scanner’s x-ray detector can see hundred of different levels of density, it can see tissues within a solid organ
  -this data is transmitted to a computer, which builds up a 3D cross sectional picture of the part of the body and displays it on the screen.
  -sometimes a contrast dye is used

Question 78

how is a CT different from an x-ray machine?

Answer 78

-this is different from an x-ray machine which sends one radiation beam. The CT scan produces a more detailed final picture than an X-ray machine

Question 79

What is a contrast dye?

Answer 79

injection, shows a little more brain tissue/ micro differences

Question 80

Advantages of CT

Answer 80

-provides clear and accurate images
-allows for comparison b/w ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ brains
-relatively non-invasive (just an injection=contrast dye)

Question 81

Limits of CT

Answer 81

-only shows brain function
-pregnant women can’t use it b/c risk the radiation (x-rays) may cause damage to unborn child
-allergic reaction to contrast injection (rare)

Question 82

What energy source does a CT rely on?

Answer 82

radiation

Question 83

How does a PET scan work?

Answer 83

-Tracks blood flow by measuring the use of glucose (source of energy in 02) by neurons in the active area of the brain
-radioactive material (fluorodeoxyglucose: glucose -> sugar) is injected into the blood stream. This travels to brain and emits various levels of radioactive signals. These are detected and processed by the PET computer to produce PET scans.
-Different colours are used to indicate different levels of brain activity
-least to most activity: violet, blue, green, yellow and red
-more glucose= more activity e.g cancer cells are red

Question 84

Advantages of PET

Answer 84

-detailed colour-coded images of functioning of brain
-allows researcher to see how different areas of the brain function together for certain tasks
-colours make interpretation simple

Question 85

Limitations of PET

Answer 85

-requires injection of radioactive substance
-use of radio activity means that longitudinal studies are difficult and dangerous
-PET scans need 40 secs rest b/w each 30 sec scan thus it may miss rapid changes in brain function

Question 86

How does MRI work?

Answer 86

• uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate signals from the body. These are picked up by a radio antenna and processed by a computer to create pictures of soft tissue inside of your body

Question 87

What is MRI useful for?

Answer 87

-diagnosing tumors, joint or spinal injuries or diseases, soft tissue injuries or diseases of internal organs e.g brain and heart
-it can show up problems in your veins and arteries w/o need for surgery
-useful for planning some treatments of some areas

Question 88

Advantages of MRI

Answer 88

-clearer and more detailed images than CT
-non-invasive
-no x-rays or radio activity involved
-very detailed pictures
-no x-ray radiation
-no pain
-can be used on pregnant women

Question 89

Limitations of MRI

Answer 89

-only shows structure and anatomy
-cannot be used on ppl with internal metallic devices

Question 90

How does a fMRI work?

Answer 90

detects changes in 02 levels and blood to show level of functioning of neurons to show brain function, colour changes indicate activity levels whilst performing a task

Question 91

advantages of fMRI scan

Answer 91

-little exposure to radiation
-detailed images of brain functioning
-combination of structure and function
-can be used on pregnant women
-can detect images in rapid succession, unlike PET scan
- can be applied to hemispheric specialisation studies

Question 92

Limitations of fMRI

Answer 92

-same as MRI regarding metallic devices
-expensive and limited access

Question 93

What is the difference of structural and functional neuroimaging techniques?

Answer 93

structural= shows what brain looks like and damaged areas of the brain w/a functional= shows how brain works, which areas are most active during particular tasks

Question 94

In what way has neuroimaging advanced brain research compared with research that did not have access to this technology?

Answer 94

Before neuroimaging, to study the brain researchers had to wait until brain damage patients died before they could slice it open w/a now with neuroimaging techniques scientists are provided with vital info abt how brain works, normal and abnormal functioning and has led to treatment for specific brain disorders.

Question 95

Drugs

Answer 95

-Any substance (with the exception of food and water) which, when taken into the body, alters the body’s function either physically and/or psychologically
-most work my changing functioning of neuron at synapse

Question 96

Psychoactive Drugs

Answer 96

these drugs affect the central nervous system and alter a person’s mood, thinking and behavior.

Question 97

examples of psychoactive drugs

Answer 97

stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens

Question 98

4 groups of most common psychoactive drugs ( classified by how they affect synapse)

Answer 98

• depressants
• stimulants
• hallucinogens
• cannabis

Question 99

depressants

Answer 99

have an inhibitory factor which means they reduce the activity of the central nervous system.
-slows down reaction and strength of responses
-eventually lead to drowsiness sleep or sometimes death depends on dosage)

Question 100

examples of depressants

Answer 100

heroin and alcohol

Question 101

stimulants

Answer 101

exhibiotory which means increase the functioning of the CNS for a short-period of time
- most cases they have the capability to improve performance on many tasks and keep someone awake h/w lead to a cycle of arousal followed by depression in the time that the drug is wearing off.
- individual develop increased dependence +larger dosages

Question 102

examples of stimulants

Answer 102

cocaine and ice

Question 103

Hallocinogens

Answer 103

have the capability to produce perpetual and temporal distortions
- affect perception and thinking = pleasurable or upsetting/frightening
- lead to anti-social behavior

Question 104

examples of hallocinogens

Answer 104

magic mushrooms, cannabis hemp, LSD

Question 105

cannabis

Answer 105

has a variety of effects on people and does not fit neatly into any of the above categories because it can act as a stimulant, depressant and a hallucinogen

Question 106

when is a drug addictive

Answer 106

affects psychologically (thoughts) as a person has difficulty controlling how much of a drug is used and continued use despite negative consequences e.g can’t stop drinking alcohol every morning

Question 106

when is a drug depended on

Answer 106

the substance dependence refers to the body’s physiological (physical) reliance on a drug e.g pain medication/ alcohol before it becomes addictive

Question 107

homunculus, primary motor cortex

Answer 107

body parts with higher dexterity and complexity of movement ( capacity for motor control e.g face and hands) are enlarged b/c area of cortex devoted to them w/a body parts that are less dexterous (elbow, legs) are smaller b/c less area.

Question 108

What type of communication are neurotransmitters?

Answer 108

nt’s are chemicals= chemical communication (b/w neurons)

Question 109

What type of communication is an action potential?

Answer 109

electrical b/c within the neuron

Question 110

What does synapse include?

Answer 110

synaptic gap, terminal buttons of presynaptic neuron and dendrite of post synaptic neuron