Unit 2- Introduction to Sustainable Chemistry

Question 1

What is Sustainability?

Answer 1

Sustainability is about “meeting
the needs of the present
without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet
their own needs.”
- United Nations Brundtland
Commission

Question 2

What does SDGs stand for?

Answer 2

UN Sustainable Development Goals

Question 3

How many goals are in SDGs?

Answer 3

17 goals to achieve
world peace and prosperity

Question 4

when did all the UN members adopted SDGs?

Answer 4

2015

Question 5

Each goal in SDGs have two things, what are those?

Answer 5

targets and
indicators

Question 6

When was Ibuprofen was developed and its was considered safer alternative to what medication?

Answer 6

Developed in 1960 as a
potentially safer alternative to
Aspirin

Question 7

What does TBL stands for?

Answer 7

Triple Bottom Line, actions have impacts on society
(people), the environment (planet) and
the economy (prosperity)
Goal: balance the three (sustainability

Question 8

How many goals are need to be met in order for Green Chemistry to be Implemented?

Answer 8

Six goals

Question 9

What is Green Chemistry?

Answer 9

Green Chemistry is a revolutionary
approach to the way that products are
made; it is a science that aims to reduce
or eliminate the use and/or generation of
hazardous substances in the design
phase of materials development.”

Question 10

What are six goals that are needed for Green Chemistry?

Answer 10

1. Reduce the hazard (toxicity)
2. Ensure biodegradability
3. Use renewable feedstocks
   (aka “starting materials”)
4. Greater efficiency
5. Non-toxic, safer products by design
6. Eliminate accidents

Question 11

What are the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry?

Answer 11

1. Waste Prevention.
2. Atom Economy.
3. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis.
4. Designing Safer Chemicals.
5. Safer Solvents.
6. Design for Energy Efficiency.
7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks.
8. Reduce Derivatives.
9. Catalysis.
10. Design for Degradation.
11. Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention.
12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident
    Prevention.

Question 12

What does Solvent means?

Answer 12

Solvent: substances are
dissolved in solvents, which are
usually liquids, to form solutions.

Water: “universal
solvent,” dissolves many things

Question 13

How Can We Tell If Something is “Green”?

Answer 13

To evaluate whether a process is “green” requires
metrics or calculations to quantify how efficient it is,
how much waste is produced, how hazardous it is,
how renewable it is, etc

Question 14

Prior to synthesis of iburofen howmany steps were involved and how many after synthesis?

Answer 14

Prior synthesis (<1990)= Less efficient (6 steps) More biproducts, more waste

Current synthesis (>1990)
More efficient (3 steps)
* Fewer biproducts, less waste

Question 15

How many overreaching goals much be achived for green chem to be implemented?

Answer 15

6

Reduce the hazard
(toxicity)

Use renewable feedstocks( aka starting materials)

non-toxic, safer products by design

ensure bio degradability (aka whatever we create go away on its own)

Greater effieceny

Eliminate accidents

Question 16

How many principles green chemiestry have?

Answer 16

there are 12 principles

Waste Prevention.
- Prevent waste we make during reation
2. Atom Economy.
3. Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis.
- procses
4. Designing Safer Chemicals.
-
final
product
5. Safer Solvents.
6. Design for Energy Efficiency.
-
moreefficient
7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks.
8. Reduce Derivatives.
9. Catalysis.
10. Design for Degradation.
- Product have to degreate
11. Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention.
12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident
Prevention

Question 17

What does Solvent mean?

Answer 17

substances are
dissolved in solvents, which are usually liquids, to form solutions

FYI: water is universal Solvent

Question 18

How Can We Tell If Something is “Green”?

Answer 18

We typically compare two processes to each other to
determine which one is greener

Question 19

How many steps current vs prior synthesis of Ibuprofen had?

Answer 19

Before:
*Less efficient (6 steps)
*More biproducts, more waste

Now:
*More efficient (3 steps)
*Fewer biproducts, less waste

Question 20

What are the three metrics use to quantify the efficiency or environmental performance
of a chemical process?

Answer 20

• Atom economy
• Reaction mass efficiency
• E factor

We are targeting these Green Chemistry Principles

1 waste prevention
2 atom economy

Question 21

What is the formula for atom economy?

Answer 21

Mm of solution (desired final product) / Mm of reactants

Question 22

What is the formula for RME?

Answer 22

Reaction Mass Efficiency: Atom economy x yield

Question 23

What is the formula for Efactor?

Answer 23

𝐸 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
(𝑚(reactant) +𝑚solvents + 𝑚catalyst ) − 𝑚(product)/ 𝑚(product)

Question 24

What are the two aspects of ibuprofen’s life cycle that are unsustainable?

Answer 24

consumer use and
disposal

Question 25

what does is mean that Ibuprofen is “lipophilic:

Answer 25

endup in fatty tissue

Question 26

What are the factor that can affect the fluidity of membranes?

Answer 26

> > number of carbons in a
hydrocarbon chain varies: typically, there are 16 or 18 carbons. The longer chains pack together more tightly than the shorter chains, reducing the fluidity of the membrane

»Double bonds within a hydrocarbon tail produce kinks or bends in the chain. This has the effect of pushing neighbouring phospholipids further apart and increasing fluidity

> > External environmental factors such as temperature can also influence membrane permeability. Higher temperatures promote fluidity, while lower temperatures decrease
fluidity. Interestingly, cold-adapted organisms tend to have more UNSATURATED phospholipids in their membranes that help to maintain fluidity

> > Steroids such as cholesterol are found in the membranes of every cell in our body, making up about 50% of the molecules found in the bilipid membranes. A bilipid membrane
containing just phospholipids is actually TOO fluid. Cholesterol molecules constrain fluidity of the membrane by packing closely to neighbouring phospholipids. At low temperatures, phospholipid
bilayers behave like many other fats; they begin to solidify. At these lower temperatures, cholesterol helps to maintain fluidity by keeping the phospholipids apart from one another.