Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Integrated Physiology > Unit 2 - Innate Immunity & Antibody Structure > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Innate Immunity & Antibody Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 components in Innate Immunity?

A
  1. Physical Barrier
  2. Phagocytes & Inflammation
  3. Natural Killer Cells
  4. Circulating Pattern Recognition Molecules
  5. Cytokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the stages to an infection?

A
  1. Adherence to the epithelium
  2. Local Infection, penetration of epithelium
  3. Local infection of Tissues
  4. Adaptive Immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cells are active when an infection penetrates the epithelium?

A

antimicrobial proteins
phagocytes destroy invading microorganisms
T cells are sometimes activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells are activated when an infection of the tissues occurs?

A 
Cytokines
Phagocytes
Natural Killer Cells
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells migrate to lymph nodes to initiate adaptive immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are phagocytic cells activated?

A

microorganisms release substances during inflammation that attract phagocytic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the steps of Phagocytosis?

A
  1. Microbe adheres to phagocyte, forming pseudopods
  2. Phagocytic vesicle (containing the antigen) fuses with a lysosome to become a Phagolysosome
  3. The microbe in the fused vesicle is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes.
  4. Indigestible & residual material is removed by exocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are TLR’s?

What can the activation of these trigger?

A

Receptors that recognise bacteria

Triggers the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines which leads to initiation of adaptive immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What three things does the Inflammatory response cause?

A
  1. Vasodilation- increased blood flow to tissues
  2. Increased Capillary Permeability- fluid leak into tissues (tissue swelling)
  3. Influx of white blood cells- migration of phagocytic cells into tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Lectin Pathway?

A

cascade reaction in the complement system, produces complement proteins down the cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the acute phase response?

What does it cause an increase of?

A

An innate body defence seen during acute illnesses

Causes an increased production of blood proteins by cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are acute phase proteins?

A

A group of proteins produced by the liver that promote inflammation & activate the complement cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is C3? What is its role in the Complement Cascade?

A

Complement Protein
Converted to C3a & C3b
C3b is deposited on bacterial surface & acts as a marker for recognition by receptors & can also act as an enzyme in the attack of the bacterial membrane
C3a- stimulates inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Viruses are detected by the presence of double stranded RNA.

What protein recognises these double strands?

A

TLR3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are antibodies found in the body?

A

Blood, Secretory fluids (mucus, milk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Antibodies are only produced by _________

A

B Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Collectively, a group of antibodies is known as __________

A

Immunoglobulin (Ig)

17
Q

What is Avidity?

A

Avidity- a measure of strength of the interaction of an antibody with an antigen at multiple sights

18
Q

What are the five isotopes of a heavy chain in an antibody?

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE

19
Q

What are the two types of light chain that could appear in an antibody?

A

Kappa

Lambda

20
Q

Which Ig classes are monomers? What about dimers?

Which one is a pentamer?

A

Monomer- IgG, IgD, IgE & IgA
Dimer- IgA
Pentameter- IgM

21
Q

What are the three major roles of IgA?

A
  • defence against local infection in respiratory or gastrointestinal tract
  • prevents invading organisms from penetrating the epithelium
  • antiviral - prevents viruses entering host cells
22
Q

Large parasites cannot be ingested by phagocytes but when coated in which Ig what happens?

A

when coated in IgE, eosinophils can attack IgE using Fc receptors

23
Q

What causes symptoms of hay fever?

A

Antigen crosslinking of bound IgE links the Fc receptors & triggers degranulation of mast cell- releases anti inflammatory mediators (histamine) and causes hay fever

24
Q

Hay fever is also known as type ___ ___________

A

type one hypersensitivity

25
Q

What are two features of IgM?

A
  • good agglutinator because of pentameric form
  • good complement fixing or complement activating antibody
  • not good at neutralising toxins
26
Q

What are the steps in B Cell Activation to create Plasma Cells? (4)

A
  1. Cell surface immunoglobulin of B cell binds bacteria and degrades them to produce peptides
  2. the bacterial peptides are bound via MHC Class II in vesicles & transported to the cell surface
  3. TH2 recognises the complex and activates the B Cell
  4. B Cell proliferates & differentiates into antibody secreting plasma cells
27
Q

What is Linked Recognition?

A

T Cell dependent antigen responses require the activation of B cells by helper T Cells that respond to the same antigens

28
Q

Which proteins drive the proliferation and differentiation of the B Cell into antibody secreting plasma cells?

A

IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6

29
Q

What class of antibody is the first that’s produced when an antigen arises?

A

IgM

30
Q

_____ is produced after repeated challenge to the same antigen

HINT- [class of antibody]

A

IgG

31
Q

What is Somatic Mutation?

What are the benefits of it?

A

a mechanism for introducing mutations into V regions of activated B cells.
Increases antibody affinity after repeated exposure to the same antigen

32
Q

What is the method of Somatic Mutation?

4

A
  1. Mature B Cells travel to the lymph node via the bloodstream and leave via the lymph
  2. B Cells that encounter antigens form primary foci
  3. proliferating cells migrate to the primary follicle and form a secondary follicle with a germinal centre
  4. the germinal centre induces somatic mutation
33
Q

What is a germinal centre?

A

a specialised microenvironment that allows B cells to differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cells or memory B cells

34
Q

What are T- independent antigens role in Somatic Mutation?

A

the second signal can be delivered by the antigen itself- this activated a large number of B cells known as B-Cell Mitogens

Integrated Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions