Unit 2. Human resource managemet Flashcards
What’s human resource management?
Process of anticipating anf meeting the organization’s current and future staffing needs.
What is Labour turnover?
The number of employees who leave the company as a percentage of its worforce per year.
What is the formula of labor turnover?
Number of leaves / Total sttaf x 100
Why do people leave their jobs?
CLAMPS:
Challenge
Location
Advacement
Money
Pride
Security
What are the internal and external factors that influence HR planning?
- Demograpgic change
- Labour mobility
- Occupational mobility.
- Employment rate.
- Government.
- Finances.
What are the steps of the recruiment process?
- Job analysis.
- Job description and person especification.
- Job advertisement.
- application process.
- Selection process
What are the elements of a good job advertisement?
TRAPS:
Truthful
Relevant
Accurate
Positive
Short
What are the advantages of recruiting internally?
- Cost effective
- Less risk
- Employee familiar with coorporate culture.
- Motvational.
What are the disadvantages of recruiting internally?
- Time consuming
- No new ideas
- Internal politics.
What are the advantages of recruiting externally?
- New blood and nw ides
- Larger pool of apllicants.
What are the disadvanatges of recruting externeally?
- Uncertainty
- Employee doesn’t know the corporate culture.
- Expensive process.
- More time consuming.
What are the types of training?
- Off the job.
- On the job.
- cognitive.
- Behavioral
What’s on the job training?
Induction: helps to settle the employee into new roles.
Mentoring: experienced staff memeber helps the mentee develop new specific skills.
What’s off the job training?
- Learn from athird party specialists
- It is carried outside.
What is cognitive training?
- Theorical training in the hopes of imporving overall mental skills, which lead to better work performance.
What’s behavioral training?
Practical tarining to improve employee attitudes and enforce bevioral change to improve performance.
What is appraisal?
Assesement of an employee performance in fulfilling his job based on the responsabilities set in their job description.
What are the types of appraisal?
- Formative
- Summative.
- 360 degree feedback.
- Self- appraisal.
What is the formative appraisal?
Planned process where appraisal evidence is ussed to to inform employess about their strengths and weaknesses
What is the summative appraisal?
Description of employee’s performance oulineing their achievements throughout the year where performance is evaluated with a predertimed benchmark
What’s the 360 degree feedback?
Collective evidence from peers, subordinates, managers, etc, to have different perspectives from the employee’s performance.
What’s self appraisal?
Employees evaluate themselves on predetermined criteria.
(Awkard in some cultures)
What is dissmisal?
Termination of an employee’s contract due to incompetence or breach of contract
What is redundancies?
When the business can no longer afford to employ the worker.
Why do employment practices change?
- Sector changes.
- Aging population.
- Labour supply changes.
What does teleworking mean?
working away form the offcie through electrnic communication
What does portfolio working means?
Employee working simmulatnealy in multiple jobs.
Waht does outsorce means?
transfering internal business activities to an external firm to reduce cost.
Why do companies decide to outsource their activities?
- Reduce costs.
- Lack of expertise in the topic need it.
- Activities are not the fucntion of the business.
What are the disadvanatges of outsouring?
- Subcontractors must be monitored.
- Quality is inconsisted.
- Possibility of unethical practices.
What is offshoring?
A form of outsourcinf that relocates the processes and business activities abroad.
What are the reasons to offshore?
- Cut down costs.
- Enter new markets in growing countries.
- Overcome political and legal regulations.
What are the disadvantages of offshore?
- Language anc cultural barruer
- Time difference affects communication.
- Explotaition of labout and natural resources.
- Enviromental degradation.
- Legal restriction.
What is Re-shoring?
The transfer of business operations back to the country of origin.
What are the reasons for re-shoring?
- Foreign labour costs are increasing.
- Problems with logistics.
- To have greater control.
- Increase proximity wuth customers.
- Improve quality.
What are the disadvantages of re-shoring?
- May be costly
- Local country could lack labour supply.
- Local workers might lack the level of expertise.
How innovation impacts HR?
- Requieres managers to think about ICT’s contribution to workforce planning.
How culture impacts HR?
- Behavioral training might be needed.
- Some HR practices might be appropiate or inappropiate for some cultures.
How ethics impacts HR?
- Need to follo anti-discrimantion laws.
- Equal pay.
- Healt and safety at work.
What is organizational structure?
The way a company is organized.
What is an organizational chart?
Chart that shows the different functional deparments, chain of demand, span of control, channels of communication, and kevel of hierarchy.
What is delegeation?
The passing of control and authority to subordinates.
What are the adavantages and disadvantages of delegating?
Advantages:
- Motivates employess
- Saves time for the mannagers.
Disadvantages:
- The superior remains responsible.
What is span of control?
Number of employees who are directly accountable to a mannager.
What are level hierarchy?
- An organixational structure based oin a ranking system associeated with authority and responsability.
What is chain of command?
The formal line of auhtority thorugh which orders are passed in an organization.
What is delayering?
- Process of removing one or more levels of hierarchy to flat the organizational structure.
What’s bureaucracy?
- Excution of tasks that are governed by offcial administrative and formal rules of an organization
What is centralization?
and organizational structure where decision-making is carried by very few people.
What is decentralization?
Organizational structure where decision making is shared with the workforce.
What is an organizational chart?
- Representation of an organization’s formal structure, showing the chain of command, the levles of jierarchy, and the channels of communication.
What are the characteristics flat organiztion chart?
- Fewer lervel of hierarchy.
- Wider span if control.
- Subordinates take extra responsability.
- Improved communication.
- Fewer managers are hired.
- Few promotional opportunities.
- More training to develop employees into taking more responsabilities.
What are the chracteristics of a tall organizational chart?
- Many levels in the organization’s hierarchy.
- Smaller span of control.
- More effective communictaion with smaller teams.
- More promotional opportunities.
- Communication might be slow.
- Higher costs to hire more managers and denior staff.
- Workers feel alienated from the senior management.
What are the two causes of orgnaizational structure?
- Project based orgnization
- Handy’s shamrock organization
What’s project based organization?
- human resources are organized around a particular projects.
What’s handy’s shmarock organization?
- where business focus on meeting the need of the workers through enrichment and flexible workingn processes.
What are the key functions of management?
PCCCO:
Plamming.
Commanding.
Controlling.
Coordinating.
Organizing.
What is leadership?
- Process of influencing and inspiring other to achieve their goals.
What is management?
- Process of problem solving and decision making, involving planning, organizing, coordinating, controlling, and commanding.
What are the 5 types of leadership styles?
- Autocratic.
- Paternalistic.
- Democratic.
- Laissez-Fair.
- Situtional leadership.
What is the autocratic leadrship style?
Leader make slal decision and does not delegate.
What is the paternalistic leadership style?
Treat employees as familty members acting in their best interests.
What is the demcrstic leadership style?
The leader involves the employees in the decision making process, where finanldecison are first consulted with the staff.
What is the Laissex-Faire leadership style?
Subordinates are delegated with decision-making autohorities and have more freedom to complete tasks.
What is the situational leadership style?
Using the right leadership style depending on the situation.
What is motivation?
Desire and willingness to complete a task or job
What are the five motivational theories?
- Taylor’s
- Maslow’s
- Herzberg’s
- Adam’s
- Pink’s
What is Taylor’s motivational theory about?
Workers are motivated by money and productivity.
- Division of labour to improve efficiency.
- Differientiated piecework: standard payment for outpu and bonuses for exceeding the limit.
What are the criticisms of Taylor’s motovational theory?
- Ignores non-financial motivators.
- Repetitives tasks leads to desmotivation.
- Workers can ve innotivae thinkers
- Quality of output is low as quantity is more important.
What is Maslow’s motivational theory about?
- Theory focused on the emotional and mental needs of the workers. Divided in 5 hierarchy levels:
1. Physiological: survivial needs
2. Security: feel safe and stable.
3. Social: to be part fo a group
4. Steem: recognition and respect
5. Self actualization: forces that drive poeple to do their best
What are the criticisms of Maslow’s motivational theory?
- Difficult to measure level of needs.
- Ignores individual needs.
What is Hezberg’s motivational theory about?
Assumption that pgysical and psycological factors cause satisfaction or dissatisfaction at work.
- use democratic leadership style.
- Training.
- Job enlargement (more tasks)
- Job enerichment (more challenging tasks)
- Job empowerment.
- Teamwork.
What are Hezberg’s hygiene (physical) factors?
- Dont motivate but can cause dissatisfaction.
- Working conditions, roganizational rules, pay.
- Physical factors are usually taken for granted.
What are Hezber’s Motivational (psicological factors)?
- Factors that lead to be psycological.
- Achievement.
- Recognition.
- Responcability.
- Advacement.
- Increases work satisfaction.
What are the criticisms of Hezberg’s theory?
- Do not apply to low-skilled works
- Some employees don’t want more responsabilities.
What’s Adam’s motivational theory about?
Employees should be rewarded based on efforts and competence
What are the criticisms of Adam’s theory?
- Fairness is highly subjective.
What is Pink’s motivational theory about?
Intrisic factors motivate workers at the workplace
What are the incintric factors Pink talk about in his motivational theory?
AMP
Autonomy: Give employees control over their work
Mastery: foster self-improvement
Purpose: self steem boostes employee’s motivation.
What is a salary?
Fixed annual rate paid on a onthly basis.
- Hard to reward those who are more productive.
- Litlle incentive ro work harder
What is Wages?
Reward for labpur services in an hourly or daily rate
What is piece rate?
paid base on total outout produced.
What is commission?
Output-based system where employee receives a portion of the sales he makes.
What is profit-related pay?
Links pay to the firms level of profits
What are the advantages of profit related pay?
- Strengtheness employee loyalty to strive for profit.
- Foster team spirit in company.
- Labour copnflict is reduced.
What are the disadvantages of profot related pay?
- Profit is too small to provide incentives.
- Individual efforts are not recognized.
- Financial motivators are ignored.
What is performance related pay?
Payment based on individual performance.
- Payment rise
- Performance bonus
- Gratuity bonus
What are the advantages of performance related pay?
- People are more motivated to work.
- Hard work is rewarded.
- Employees strive to chueve goals.
What are the disadvantages of performance related pay?
- Targets might be unrealistic.
- Performace can’t always be quantify
- Doesn’t encourage teamwork.
- Non-financial motivator are ignored.
Employee share owonership schemes
- issuing company shares to employees at discount prices.
What are the financial motivators?
- Profit-related pay
- Performance related pay.
- Share-ownership schemes.
What are the non-financial rewards?
- Job enlargemet: broaden range of tasks
- job enrichment: more complex tasks
- Job empowerment: autority to execute thier own work
- Purpose: their job role had the purpose of somthing bigger than the company or themselves.
- Teamwork: staff works together.
