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Anatomy and Physiology > Unit 2- Histology > Flashcards

Unit 2- Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue Defenition

A

a collection of specialized cells and cell products that perform a limited number of functions

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2
Q

Types of tissues

A

connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous

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3
Q

Connective Tissue Basic Components

A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. extracellular protein fibers
  3. a fluid called ground substance
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4
Q

Extracellular Matrix:

A

a) any part of tissue located outside of the cells
b) Matrix is a mix of specialized fibers and specific fluid for the type of tissue

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5
Q

Specialized Cells Categories:

A
  1. Fixed
  2. Wandering
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6
Q

Fixed Specialized Cells Roles:

A

-responsible for local maintenance and repair
-energy storage

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7
Q

Fixed Specialized Cells Components:

A

-fibroblasts
- adipocytes
- mesenchymal cells

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8
Q

Wandering Specialized Cells Roles:

A

-defend and repair damaged tissue
-migrate through healthy tissue
-aggregate at injury

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9
Q

Wandering Specialized Cells Components:

A

-phagocytic (macrophages and macrophages)
-mast cells
-lymphocytes
-plasma

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10
Q

Fibroblasts Function

A

-most abundant permanent residents
-always in connective tissue
-secrete proteins and all types of fibers
make ground substance viscous

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11
Q

Adipocytes Components:

A

-adipose cells (fat cells)
-single enormous lipid droplet
-nucleus organelles shifted to one side

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12
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers

A

-made by protein from fibroblasts
-collagen
-reticular
-elastic

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13
Q

Collagen Fibers:

A

-most common
-long, straight, unbranched
-flexible but stronger than steel

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14
Q

Reticular Fibers:

A

-narrower protein fibers and in branching network
-anchor and support organs (keep them in place)
-ex. soft organs like liver and spleen

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15
Q

Elastic Fibers:

A

-elastin protein
-returns to original shape after compression or stretching
-found in skin and elastic ligaments of vertebrae

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16
Q

Ground Substance:

A

-fills spaces between cells & surrounds fibers
-secreted by fibroblasts
-made of polysaccharides
-determines how tissue will do its job

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17
Q

Types of Connective Tissue:

A

-Connective tissue proper
-Fluid connective tissue
-Supportive connective tissue

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18
Q

Connective Tissue Proper:

A

-syrupy/viscous ground substance
-Loose connective tissue
-Dense connective tissue

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19
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue:

A

-dense pop. of cells in a watery matrix
-blood
-lymph

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20
Q

Supportive Connective Tissue:

A

-less diverse cell pop.
-dense fibers
-Cartilage
-Bone

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21
Q

Loose Connective Tissue Functions:

A

-loose, open framework of fibers
-fills spaces, surrounds and supports blood vessels and nerves
-stores lipids and diffuses materials

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22
Q

Loose Connective Tissue Components:

A

-Adipose
-Areolar
-Reticular

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23
Q

Areolar Tissue Locations:

A

-deep to the skin
-mucous membranes
-around blood vessels, nerves, and organs

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24
Q

Areolar Tissue Organization:

A

-least specialized connective tissue
-loosely organized fibers
-extensive blood supply
viscous ground substance

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25
Q

Areolar Tissue Functions:

A

-ground substance absorbs shocks
-can distort shape and return to original shape ->elastic fibers
-separates skin from deeper tissue
-carries wandering cells to and from tissue
-epithelia rely on nutrients from capillaries

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26
Q

Adipose Tissue Organization:

A

-commonly called fat
-areolar tissue can become adipose tissue with ^ lipid levels
-adipocytes can be active (inflate) or inactive (deflate)

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27
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue:

A

-found in newborns and hibernating animals
-multiple lipid drops
-produce heat

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28
Q

Adipose Tissue Functions:

A

-padding
-cushion shocks
-insulates
-energy reserves

29
Q

Adipose Tissue Locations:

A

-deep to skin
-sides, buttocks, breasts, around heart, eyes, & kidneys

30
Q

White Adipose Tissue:

A

-single lipid drop
-most common in adults
-stores energy

31
Q

Reticular Tissue Organization:

A

-fibroblasts create a network of reticular fibers
-only tissue where reticular fibers are predominant
-never see reticular tissue alone

32
Q

Dense Connective Tissue Components:

A

-often called collagenous tissues or fibrous connective tissue
-strength, resists stretch
-fibroblasts and fibrocytes to generate collagen fibers
-flat and parallel to force

33
Q

Reticular Tissue Functions:

A

-creates supporting framework for organs
-supports parenchyma

34
Q

Red Blood Cells:

A

-erythrocytes
-transport O2 and CO2

35
Q

Reticular Tissue Locations:

A

-liver
-kidney
-spleen
-lymph nodes
-bone marrow

36
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue Functions:

A

-firm attachment
-conducts pull of muscles
-reduces friction
-stabilizes relative positions of bones

37
Q

Dense Irregular Organizations:

A

-interwoven meshwork w no consistent pattern

38
Q

Dense Irregular Locations:

A

-dermis
-perichondrium
-periosteum
-capsule

39
Q

Dense Irregular Functions:

A

-made to support in multiple different directions
-prevents over expansion of organs

40
Q

Platelets:

A

-not whole cells
-tiny, membrane enclosed packets of cytoplasm
-contain enzymes and proteins 4 clotting response

41
Q

White Blood Cells:

A

-Leukocytes
-include michrophages, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

42
Q

Creation of Blood:

A

-called hematopoiesis
-takes place in bone marrow of long bones and lymph nodes

43
Q

Cartilage Components:

A

-dense matrix of collagen fibers
-rubbery ground substance
-only chondrocytes
-avascular
-Hyaline
-Elastic
-Cartilage

44
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Functions:

A

-closely packed collagen fibers (cannot always see in slides)
-provide stiff but flexible support
-reduces friction between bony surfaces

45
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Locations:

A

-between tips of ribs and bones of sternum
-covering bone surfaces at joints
-supporting larynx, trachea, bronchi
-part of nasal septum
-articular cartilages

46
Q

Fibrocartilage Functions:

A

-little ground substance
-densely interwoven collagen fibers
-resists compression
-prevents bone-bone contact
-limits relative movement

47
Q

Fibrocartilage Location:

A

-pads within knee joint
-between pubic bones
-intervertebral discs

48
Q

Elastic Cartilage Functions:

A

-numerous elastic fibers
-provides support but tolerates distortion without damage
-

49
Q

Elastic Cartilage Locations:

A

-external ear
-epiglottis
-ear canal
-cuneiform cartilages of larynx

50
Q

Bone Tissue Components:

A

-osseous tissue
-matrix is made from calcium salts and collagen fibers
-Osteoblasts (active bonegrowth)
-Osteocytes (less active, maintenance)
-Osteoclasts (surface)

51
Q

Osteon:

A

-rings of structure

52
Q

Haversian canal:

A

-blood vessel; nerve

53
Q

Canaliculi:

A

diffusion from lacunae(small chambers)

54
Q

Lamellae:

A
  • concentric circles
55
Q

Muscle Tissue:

A

-responsible for movement
-cells have specialized organelles to allow for contraction
-skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth

56
Q

Skeletal Muscle Functions:

A
  • located in musculoskeletal system
    -moves and stabilizes skeleton
    -voluntary control of entrances and exits of respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts
    -generates heat
    -protects internal organs
    -can repair itself
57
Q

Skeletal Muscle Components:

A

-striated
-long and thin
-multinucleate
-incapable of dividing

58
Q

Cardiac Muscle Functions:

A

-located only in heart
circulate blood
-limited repairing ability
-maintain hydrostatic blood pressure

59
Q

Cardiac Muscle Components:

A

-striated
-branched
-involuntary muscle
-pacemaker cells: cause heart to beat w/ nerve activity

60
Q

Smooth Muscle Locations:

A

-wall of blood vessels
-digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive systems

61
Q

Smooth Muscle Functions:

A

-move food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions
-controls diameter of respiratory passageways
-regulates diameter of blood vessels

62
Q

Smooth Muscle Components:

A

-non striated
-tapered at the end, spindle shaped
-single nucleus
-involuntary muscle
-can divide and regenerate after injury

63
Q

Neural Tissue Functions:

A

-specialized for conduction of electrical impulses
-rapidly senses internal and external environment
-processes info and controls responses
-tissue concentrated in brain and spine
-Neurons
-Neuroglial

64
Q

Neurons:

A

-longest cell in body
-cannot divide
-limited ability to repair

65
Q

Neuroglia:

A

-glial cells
-support, repair, provide, nourishment to neurons
-regulate composition of fluid surrounding neurons
-eat bacteria (phagocytosis)

66
Q

Neuron Components:

A

-large cell body
-dendrites
-axon
-myelination

67
Q

Dendrites:

A

-branching projections
-recievers of information

68
Q

Axon:

A

-long “tail” of cell
-sometimes called nerve fibers
-conductors of information

69
Q

Myelination:

A

-sheath increasing efficiency
-white matter has myelination
-grey matter does not

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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