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Anatomy and Physiology > Unit 2- Histology > Flashcards

Unit 2- Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue Defenition

A

a collection of specialized cells and cell products that perform a limited number of functions

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2
Q

Types of tissues

A

connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous

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3
Q

Connective Tissue Basic Components

A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. extracellular protein fibers
  3. a fluid called ground substance
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4
Q

Extracellular Matrix:

A

a) any part of tissue located outside of the cells
b) Matrix is a mix of specialized fibers and specific fluid for the type of tissue

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5
Q

Specialized Cells Categories:

A
  1. Fixed
  2. Wandering
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6
Q

Fixed Specialized Cells Roles:

A

-responsible for local maintenance and repair
-energy storage

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7
Q

Fixed Specialized Cells Components:

A

-fibroblasts
- adipocytes
- mesenchymal cells

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8
Q

Wandering Specialized Cells Roles:

A

-defend and repair damaged tissue
-migrate through healthy tissue
-aggregate at injury

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9
Q

Wandering Specialized Cells Components:

A

-phagocytic (macrophages and macrophages)
-mast cells
-lymphocytes
-plasma

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10
Q

Fibroblasts Function

A

-most abundant permanent residents
-always in connective tissue
-secrete proteins and all types of fibers
make ground substance viscous

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11
Q

Adipocytes Components:

A

-adipose cells (fat cells)
-single enormous lipid droplet
-nucleus organelles shifted to one side

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12
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers

A

-made by protein from fibroblasts
-collagen
-reticular
-elastic

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13
Q

Collagen Fibers:

A

-most common
-long, straight, unbranched
-flexible but stronger than steel

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14
Q

Reticular Fibers:

A

-narrower protein fibers and in branching network
-anchor and support organs (keep them in place)
-ex. soft organs like liver and spleen

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15
Q

Elastic Fibers:

A

-elastin protein
-returns to original shape after compression or stretching
-found in skin and elastic ligaments of vertebrae

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16
Q

Ground Substance:

A

-fills spaces between cells & surrounds fibers
-secreted by fibroblasts
-made of polysaccharides
-determines how tissue will do its job

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17
Q

Types of Connective Tissue:

A

-Connective tissue proper
-Fluid connective tissue
-Supportive connective tissue

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18
Q

Connective Tissue Proper:

A

-syrupy/viscous ground substance
-Loose connective tissue
-Dense connective tissue

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19
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue:

A

-dense pop. of cells in a watery matrix
-blood
-lymph

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20
Q

Supportive Connective Tissue:

A

-less diverse cell pop.
-dense fibers
-Cartilage
-Bone

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21
Q

Loose Connective Tissue Functions:

A

-loose, open framework of fibers
-fills spaces, surrounds and supports blood vessels and nerves
-stores lipids and diffuses materials

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22
Q

Loose Connective Tissue Components:

A

-Adipose
-Areolar
-Reticular

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23
Q

Areolar Tissue Locations:

A

-deep to the skin
-mucous membranes
-around blood vessels, nerves, and organs

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24
Q

Areolar Tissue Organization:

A

-least specialized connective tissue
-loosely organized fibers
-extensive blood supply
viscous ground substance

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25
Areolar Tissue Functions:
-ground substance absorbs shocks -can distort shape and return to original shape ->elastic fibers -separates skin from deeper tissue -carries wandering cells to and from tissue -epithelia rely on nutrients from capillaries
26
Adipose Tissue Organization:
-commonly called fat -areolar tissue can become adipose tissue with ^ lipid levels -adipocytes can be active (inflate) or inactive (deflate)
27
Brown Adipose Tissue:
-found in newborns and hibernating animals -multiple lipid drops -produce heat
28
Adipose Tissue Functions:
-padding -cushion shocks -insulates -energy reserves
29
Adipose Tissue Locations:
-deep to skin -sides, buttocks, breasts, around heart, eyes, & kidneys
30
White Adipose Tissue:
-single lipid drop -most common in adults -stores energy
31
Reticular Tissue Organization:
-fibroblasts create a network of reticular fibers -only tissue where reticular fibers are predominant -never see reticular tissue alone
32
Dense Connective Tissue Components:
-often called collagenous tissues or fibrous connective tissue -strength, resists stretch -fibroblasts and fibrocytes to generate collagen fibers -flat and parallel to force
33
Reticular Tissue Functions:
-creates supporting framework for organs -supports parenchyma
34
Red Blood Cells:
-erythrocytes -transport O2 and CO2
35
Reticular Tissue Locations:
-liver -kidney -spleen -lymph nodes -bone marrow
36
Dense Regular Connective Tissue Functions:
-firm attachment -conducts pull of muscles -reduces friction -stabilizes relative positions of bones
37
Dense Irregular Organizations:
-interwoven meshwork w no consistent pattern
38
Dense Irregular Locations:
-dermis -perichondrium -periosteum -capsule
39
Dense Irregular Functions:
-made to support in multiple different directions -prevents over expansion of organs
40
Platelets:
-not whole cells -tiny, membrane enclosed packets of cytoplasm -contain enzymes and proteins 4 clotting response
41
White Blood Cells:
-Leukocytes -include michrophages, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
42
Creation of Blood:
-called hematopoiesis -takes place in bone marrow of long bones and lymph nodes
43
Cartilage Components:
-dense matrix of collagen fibers -rubbery ground substance -only chondrocytes -avascular -Hyaline -Elastic -Cartilage
44
Hyaline Cartilage Functions:
-closely packed collagen fibers (cannot always see in slides) -provide stiff but flexible support -reduces friction between bony surfaces
45
Hyaline Cartilage Locations:
-between tips of ribs and bones of sternum -covering bone surfaces at joints -supporting larynx, trachea, bronchi -part of nasal septum -articular cartilages
46
Fibrocartilage Functions:
-little ground substance -densely interwoven collagen fibers -resists compression -prevents bone-bone contact -limits relative movement
47
Fibrocartilage Location:
-pads within knee joint -between pubic bones -intervertebral discs
48
Elastic Cartilage Functions:
-numerous elastic fibers -provides support but tolerates distortion without damage -
49
Elastic Cartilage Locations:
-external ear -epiglottis -ear canal -cuneiform cartilages of larynx
50
Bone Tissue Components:
-osseous tissue -matrix is made from calcium salts and collagen fibers -Osteoblasts (active bonegrowth) -Osteocytes (less active, maintenance) -Osteoclasts (surface)
51
Osteon:
-rings of structure
52
Haversian canal:
-blood vessel; nerve
53
Canaliculi:
diffusion from lacunae(small chambers)
54
Lamellae:
- concentric circles
55
Muscle Tissue:
-responsible for movement -cells have specialized organelles to allow for contraction -skeletal -cardiac -smooth
56
Skeletal Muscle Functions:
- located in musculoskeletal system -moves and stabilizes skeleton -voluntary control of entrances and exits of respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts -generates heat -protects internal organs -can repair itself
57
Skeletal Muscle Components:
-striated -long and thin -multinucleate -incapable of dividing
58
Cardiac Muscle Functions:
-located only in heart circulate blood -limited repairing ability -maintain hydrostatic blood pressure
59
Cardiac Muscle Components:
-striated -branched -involuntary muscle -pacemaker cells: cause heart to beat w/ nerve activity
60
Smooth Muscle Locations:
-wall of blood vessels -digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive systems
61
Smooth Muscle Functions:
-move food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions -controls diameter of respiratory passageways -regulates diameter of blood vessels
62
Smooth Muscle Components:
-non striated -tapered at the end, spindle shaped -single nucleus -involuntary muscle -can divide and regenerate after injury
63
Neural Tissue Functions:
-specialized for conduction of electrical impulses -rapidly senses internal and external environment -processes info and controls responses -tissue concentrated in brain and spine -Neurons -Neuroglial
64
Neurons:
-longest cell in body -cannot divide -limited ability to repair
65
Neuroglia:
-glial cells -support, repair, provide, nourishment to neurons -regulate composition of fluid surrounding neurons -eat bacteria (phagocytosis)
66
Neuron Components:
-large cell body -dendrites -axon -myelination
67
Dendrites:
-branching projections -recievers of information
68
Axon:
-long "tail" of cell -sometimes called nerve fibers -conductors of information
69
Myelination:
-sheath increasing efficiency -white matter has myelination -grey matter does not

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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