Unit 2 - government finance Flashcards

1
Q

describe different sources of government income

A

income generated by public corporations – such as through social housing

interest payments on its assets - such as student loans

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2
Q

describe the difference between direct and indirect taxation

A

Direct tax is paid directly by the taxpayer to the government and cannot be shifted, like federal income tax. these are progressive in nature (EFFECTS THOSE ON HIGHER INCOMES)

Indirect tax, such as business property taxes, can be passed on or shifted to others. indirect taxes are regressive
(EFFECTS THOSE ON LOW INCOME)

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3
Q

give examples of indirect taxes

A

VAT
excise duties (alcohol, drugs, tobacco)

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4
Q

give examples of direct taxes

A

income tax
insurance tax
inheritance tax

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5
Q

Describe income tax

A

this is a DIRECT tax and where a percentage of an individuals income is deducted as revenue for the Government. The tax rate a person pays is dependent on their income.

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6
Q

Describe inheritance tax

A

this is a direct tax that is levied on property and money acquired by gift or inheritance when they die.

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7
Q

describe corporation tax

A

this is a direct tax that is a tax on profits and capital gains made by companies, calculated before dividends are paid.

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8
Q

describe national insurance

A

this is a direct tax levied on employment income (either employed or self-employed) It funds a range of benefits including pensions

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9
Q

describe VAT (value added tax)

A

this is an indirect tax. it is levied on purchases and spending. some items are exempt from tax e.g. children’s clothes. the current rate is 20% although there are lower rates for certain items e.g. 5% on electricity.

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10
Q

what does levied mean

A

impose (a tax, fee, or fine).

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11
Q

describe excise duties

A

this is an indirect tax on petrol, alcohol and tobacco. used to discourage consumption.

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12
Q

explain the change in burden from changing from direct to indirect taxes

A

in 1950s-60s the burden of taxation between indirect + direct taxation was steady
in 1970s burden shifted to greater direct taxation
in 1980s burden went to indirect
moreover VAT has risen 20% over the last 20 years further shifting the burden away from direct taxation.
Therefore, since the 1980s the burden of taxation has shifted from direct to indirect.

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13
Q

explain how recent changes in direct and indirect taxes affect individuals

A

For individuals, this means that there has been a shift from progressive to regressive taxation. This can cause greater inequality.

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14
Q

explain how recent changes in direct and indirect taxes affect firms

A

The introduction of an indirect tax increases the firm’s costs of production. For businesses, this represents an increase in costs of production.

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15
Q

explain how recent changes in direct and indirect taxes affect the government

A

For governments, this means that they now will get an increase in revenue from expenditure taxation than income tax.

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16
Q

explain progressive taxation

A

those on higher incomes pay proportionately more in taxes than those on low incomes

17
Q

give an example of progressive taxation

A

if you earn £100k and pay £30k tax per year. you pay 30% of your income in tax, if you earn £20k per year, you may pay £2k tax which is 10% of your income.

18
Q

explain regressive tax

A

those on lower incomes pay proportionately more in tax than those on high incomes

19
Q

give examples of main areas of government expenditure

A

health
housing
environmental protection
education
social protection
defence

20
Q

describe public goods

A

The government provides certain goods and services as private enterprise would not. e.g. street lights, beaches, parks and defence are public goods.They are provided because they benefit everyone in society.

21
Q

what 3 characteristics to public goods have

A

Non-excludable: cannot stop an individual from benefiting from defence or street lights .

Non-rivalrous: If one person consumes street lighting or visits a park, it does not prevent another from doing so.

Non- rejectable: You cannot decide not to consume street lighting or defence.

22
Q

describe merit goods

A

Merit goods are goods or services that are considered to be beneficial to individuals and society as a whole, but are often under-consumed in a free market economy.

23
Q

give an example of a merit good

A

education
healthcare

24
Q

explain reasons for government expenditure in the main spending areas

A
25
Q

what is current expenditure

A

This is money spent on the day-to-day running costs of government organisations, e.g. NHS, on consumable items.. e.g. teacher wages, nurses wages, medicines for hospitals, bandages for the NHS.

26
Q

what is capital expenditure

A

money spent on long-term projects that will provide future benefits such as building new schools, new hospitals and new roads. This spending helps create productive capacity and long term spending on non-current assets.

27
Q

what is transfer payments

A

This money the government gives to another without an exchange of goods and services. There’s no productive output for this transaction. eg Universal Credit and state pensions.

28
Q

give examples of current expenditure

A

healthcare
education
interest payments

29
Q

give examples of capital expenditure

A

purchases of property
equipment
land

30
Q

give examples of transfer payments

A

social security payments
welfare payments
unemployment insurance benefits

31
Q

explain the impact of government taxation on the UK economy

A

If the government reduces income tax, consumers’ disposable income will rise, leading to more spending. an increase in VAT will increase the price of goods and discourage spending. In most cases, businesses will try to pass the tax increases to the consumer.

32
Q

describe trends in UK Government spending

A

The trend of the past 70 years is steady increase in share of national income devoted to government spending on health and a corresponding decrease in the share of national income devoted to defence.

33
Q

explain the impact of UK Government spending and changing levels of spending on the UK economy

A

Inflation: Significant increases in government spending, if not matched by revenue increases or other fiscal measures, can potentially lead to inflationary pressures

34
Q

describe the circular flow of income in a closed economy (without injections and withdrawals)

A

money moves from producers to workers as wages and then back from workers to producers as workers spend money on products and services.