Unit 2 - government finance Flashcards
describe different sources of government income
income generated by public corporations – such as through social housing
interest payments on its assets - such as student loans
describe the difference between direct and indirect taxation
Direct tax is paid directly by the taxpayer to the government and cannot be shifted, like federal income tax. these are progressive in nature (EFFECTS THOSE ON HIGHER INCOMES)
Indirect tax, such as business property taxes, can be passed on or shifted to others. indirect taxes are regressive
(EFFECTS THOSE ON LOW INCOME)
give examples of indirect taxes
VAT
excise duties (alcohol, drugs, tobacco)
give examples of direct taxes
income tax
insurance tax
inheritance tax
Describe income tax
this is a DIRECT tax and where a percentage of an individuals income is deducted as revenue for the Government. The tax rate a person pays is dependent on their income.
Describe inheritance tax
this is a direct tax that is levied on property and money acquired by gift or inheritance when they die.
describe corporation tax
this is a direct tax that is a tax on profits and capital gains made by companies, calculated before dividends are paid.
describe national insurance
this is a direct tax levied on employment income (either employed or self-employed) It funds a range of benefits including pensions
describe VAT (value added tax)
this is an indirect tax. it is levied on purchases and spending. some items are exempt from tax e.g. children’s clothes. the current rate is 20% although there are lower rates for certain items e.g. 5% on electricity.
what does levied mean
impose (a tax, fee, or fine).
describe excise duties
this is an indirect tax on petrol, alcohol and tobacco. used to discourage consumption.
explain the change in burden from changing from direct to indirect taxes
in 1950s-60s the burden of taxation between indirect + direct taxation was steady
in 1970s burden shifted to greater direct taxation
in 1980s burden went to indirect
moreover VAT has risen 20% over the last 20 years further shifting the burden away from direct taxation.
Therefore, since the 1980s the burden of taxation has shifted from direct to indirect.
explain how recent changes in direct and indirect taxes affect individuals
For individuals, this means that there has been a shift from progressive to regressive taxation. This can cause greater inequality.
explain how recent changes in direct and indirect taxes affect firms
The introduction of an indirect tax increases the firm’s costs of production. For businesses, this represents an increase in costs of production.
explain how recent changes in direct and indirect taxes affect the government
For governments, this means that they now will get an increase in revenue from expenditure taxation than income tax.