Unit 2: Forelimb 1&2

Question 1

in most species, the _____ cartilage increases the surface area for attachment of the rhomboideus m. and part of serratus ventralis m.

Answer 1

in most species, the scapular cartilage increases the surface area for attachment of the rhomboideus m. and part of serratus ventralis m.

Question 2

in the horse, the _________ lies within the intertubercular groove of the humerus and stabilizes the biceps brachii m.

Answer 2

in the horse, the intermediate tubercle lies within the intertubercular groove of the humerus and stabilizes the biceps brachii m.

Question 3

two heads of the deltoideus m. in the ox

Answer 3

• acromion head
• spinous head

Question 4

in the horse, the thoracolumbar fascia continues cranially in the serratus ventralis m. as the ______

Answer 4

in the horse, the thoracolumbar fascia continues cranially in the serratus ventralis m.​ as the dorsoscapular ligament

Question 5

the ____ bursa is located over the caudal part of the greater tubercle of the humerus and doesnt communicate with the shoulder joint capsule

Answer 5

the infraspinatus bursa is located over the caudal part of the greater tubercle of the humerus and doesnt communicate with the shoulder joint capsule

Question 6

the _____/_____ bursa protects the proximal tendon of the biceps brachii m. and is separate from the joint capsule of the shoulder.

Answer 6

the intertubercular/bicipital bursa protects the proximal tendon of the biceps brachii m.​ and is separate from the joint capsule of the shoulder.

Question 7

list the three attachments of the biceps brachii m. in the horse (1 proximal and 2 distal)

Answer 7

• supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
• radial tuberosity (on proximal, medial aspect of the radius)
• metacarpal tuberosity (on cranial, proximal surface of 3rd metacarpal bone)

Question 8

______ is the long tendon of the biceps brachii m. and connects the fibrous core of the muscle to the CT of the extensor carpi radialis m.

Answer 8

lacertus fibrosus is the long tendon of the biceps brachii m. and connects the fibrous core of the muscle to the CT of the extensor carpi radialis m.

Question 9

in the horse, the _____ is entirely fibrous and also called “the long part of the medial collateral ligament”

Answer 9

pronator teres

Question 10

the ______ is the thick fibrous CT at the palmar aspect of the carpus that the carpal bones are embedded in. it prevents hyperexension.

Answer 10

palmar carpal ligament

Question 11

____ are remnants of carpal and tarsal pads in the horse

Answer 11

chestnuts

Question 12

distal attachements of the superficial digital flexor m.

ox:

horse:

Answer 12

distal attachements of the superficial digital flexor m.

ox: P2 only
horse: distal P1 and proximal P2

Question 13

attachements of the deep digital flexor m. in both ox and horse

Answer 13

P3

Question 14

the ____ of the metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint acts as a bursa for the common digital extensor

Answer 14

dorsal pouch

Question 15

____ is the remnant of the metacarpal pad in the horse

Answer 15

ergot

Question 16

at its distal border, the _____/_____ anchors the navicular bone to P3

Answer 16

distal navicular ligament/impar ligament

Question 17

the _______ is between the DDFT and navicular bone and is separate from the coffin joint capsule

Answer 17

navicular bursa

Question 18

the _____ are located between the axial surfaces of the proximal phalanges and at the distal interphalangeal joints and prevent splaying of the digits

Answer 18

interdigital ligaments

Question 19

Suprascapular n.

functional group:

muscles:

Answer 19

Suprascapular n.

functional group: lateral stabilizers of the shoulder

muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus

Question 20

subscapular n.

functional group:

muscles:

Answer 20

Subscapular n.

functional group: medial stabilizers of the shoulder

muscles: subscapularis

Question 21

Musculocutaneous n.

functional group:

muscles:

Answer 21

Musculocutaneous n.

functional group: flexors of the elbow joint

muscles: biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis

Question 22

Axillary n.

functional group:

muscles:

Answer 22

Axillary n.

functional group: flexors of the shoulder joint

muscles: deltoideus, teres major

Question 23

Thoracodorsal n.

functional group:

muscles:

Answer 23

Thoracodorsal n.

functional group: shoulder flexor

muscles: latissimus dorsi

Question 24

Radial n.

functional group:

muscles:

Answer 24

Radial n.

functional group: extensors of elbow, carpus, and digits

muscles: triceps, tensor fasciae antebrachii, ECLU

Question 25

Median n.

functional group:

muscles:

Answer 25

Median n.

functional group: flexors of carpus and digits

muscles: flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres (ox), SDF, DDF

Question 26

Ulnar n.

functional group:

muscles:

Answer 26

Ulnar n.

functional group: flexors of carpus and digits

muscles: flexor carpi ulnaris, DDF

Question 27

what muscle is essential for getting an animal up from a recumbent position and maintaining it during locomotion

Answer 27

triceps brachii

Question 28

list the seven components of the stay apparatus

Answer 28

1: triceps muscle
2: dorsoscapular ligament
3: biceps muscle
4: collateral ligaments of the elbow
5: palmar carpal ligament
6: SDF and DDF tendons and check ligaments
7: suspensory apparatus

Question 29

three components of the suspensory apparatus

Answer 29

1: interosseus (ox) or suspensory ligament (horse)
2: proximal sesamoids
3: distal sesamoidean ligaments

Question 30

what are the four distal sesamoidean ligaments

Answer 30

• straight
• oblique
• cruciate
• intersesamoidean

Question 31

list the four common nerve blocks of equine distal forelimb from proximal to distal

Answer 31

• high 4-point nerve block
• low 4-point nerve block
• abaxial sesamoidean nerve block
• palmar digital nerve block

Question 32

palmar digital nerve block (horses)

blocks:

doesnt block:

Answer 32

palmar digital nerve block (horses)

blocks: caudal 2/3 of the foot

doesnt block: the dorsal hoof wall or the entire coffin joint

Question 33

abaxial sesamoidean nerve block (horses)

blocks:

clinically considered:

Answer 33

abaxial sesamoidean nerve block (horses)

blocks: entire foot and all of P2, distal sesamoidean ligaments

clinically considered: an imprecise block

Question 34

low 4-point nerve block (horse)

blocks:

clinically considered:

landmark:

Answer 34

low 4-point nerve block (horse)

blocks: the fetlock and everything distal to it

clinically considered: the most repeatable of distal blocks

landmark: buttons

Question 35

high 4-point nerve block (horse)

blocks:

Answer 35

high 4-point nerve block (horse)

blocks: all palmar structures distal to the carpus (entire suspensory apparatus, splint bones, flexor tensons and sheath, distal check ligament)

Question 36

describe how to preform a Bier nerve block on an ox

Answer 36

first, apply a tourniquet above the fetlock. then, inject anesthetic (such as lidocaine) into a visible vein (usually the dorsal common digital vein III). the anesthetic diffuses into the region. the tourniquet stays in place during the procedure but must be removed by 90 minutes