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AP Gov + Econ > Unit 2 Flashcards > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

pork barrel spending/earmarking

A

Directing funds to local projects, often to win over voters

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2
Q

logrolling

A

voting in favor of earmarks in order to ensure yours are also accepted

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3
Q

oversight

A

Ability of Congress to ensure laws are implemented as intended (check over executive branch) –> can create committees to conduct hearings and investigations into bureaucracy

most often routine, but sometimes done when needed

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4
Q

constituency

A

a body of voters in a given area who elect a congressperson –> a district

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5
Q

apportionment

A

determining the number of representatives for each state

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6
Q

redistricting

A

redrawing of electoral districts (House of Representatives only), happens after every census

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7
Q

gerrymandering

A

redistricting to benefit a specific interest/group of voters

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8
Q

majority-minority district

A

district where a minority ethnicity make up the majority of the district’s population

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9
Q

incumbency (advantage)

A

(the reputation that gives an advantage for re-election to) a congressperson already in office

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10
Q

Speaker of the House

A

recognizes members for floor speeches/comments, organizes committees, most influential

ONLY CONSTITUTIONALLY MENTIONED LEADERSHIP POSITION IN HoR!

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11
Q

House majority/minority leaders

A

coordinates their own party on voting and stuff and things

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12
Q

majority whip

A

corralles the majority party to vote a certain way–keeps track of how people are going to vote

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13
Q

Senate majority/minority leaders

A

coordinates their own party on voting and stuff and things

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14
Q

discharge petition

A

filed by representative, moves bill out of committee and onto House of Reps floor
usually never works, but adds pressure

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15
Q

House Rules Committee

A

schedules a bill’s debate date and vote, determines how the debate will go (time, amendments)

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16
Q

Committee of the Whole

A

all representatives, meetings often take on different rules

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17
Q

unanimous consent agreement

A

agreements made to set the terms for consideration of a bill
OR what I think is correct is how everyone must agree to end discussion on a bill before voting can take place

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18
Q

filibuster

A

a senator drags on a debate to delay legislation

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19
Q

cloture

A

the end of a filibuster comes with 60 senate votes

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20
Q

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

A

assists president in setting national spending priorities

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21
Q

entitlement program

A

program of benefits for qualifiers regardless of income

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22
Q

mandatory spending

A

spending required by law

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23
Q

discretionary spending

A

spending for programs at the discretion of Congress + President

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24
Q

budget deficit

A

government spends more money than it takes in

25
Q

delegate, trustee, politico

A

delegate = follow the voters
trustee = follow their heart
politico = random chance

26
Q

gridlock

A

slowdown in Congress

27
Q

lame duck period

A

end of a president’s term, as they rush to put out new legislation and Congress blocks them

28
Q

enumerated powers

A

Constitutional powers

29
Q

State of the Union Address

A

Annual (Constitutional) speech given from the president to Congress, used to egg on congress to get stuff done

30
Q

pocket veto

A

not signing a bill in 10 days = vetoed

31
Q

executive privilege

A

keeping things confidential from other branches

32
Q

executive agreement

A

between a president and another nation, not as strong as a treaty but DOESN’T require the Senate

33
Q

signing statement

A

signed onto a bill, can include meaningless political stuff, reasons for the signage, or an interpretation of the law

34
Q

executive order

A

policy directives by president that doesn’t require congress

35
Q

War Powers Resolution (1973)

A

president can now only use armed troops if congress declares war or if there is a national emergency

36
Q

bully pulpit

A

president uses public support to pressure other government branches

37
Q

going public

A

president promotes themselves by appealing directly to the public

38
Q

“bargaining and persuasion”

A

to persuade congress, a president might call up congresspeople, make deals with them, convince them legitimately, etc.

39
Q

appellate juristiction

A

authority to review decisions made by lower courts

40
Q

Marbury v. Madison (1803) subject and takeaway

A

fight over whether or not William Marbury’s appointment is to be honored, overseen by John Marshall, established judicial review

41
Q

judicial review

A

authority to strike down a law or action if it is unconstitutional

42
Q

criminal/civil law

A

criminal = harmful, civil = private rights or relationships

43
Q

stare decisis

A

practice of not making new rulings and instead just letting old rulings stand

44
Q

dissenting opinion

A

complaint

45
Q

judicial restraint/activism

A

judges should be cautious and almost never overturn stuff vs justices should be willing to overturn what must be overturned

46
Q

federal bureaucracy

A

departments and agencies in the executive branch that carry out laws

47
Q

political patronage

A

filling of administrative positions as a reward for support, rather than solely on merit

48
Q

Pendleton Act details

A

created the 1st US Civil Service Commission that enforces rules on hiring, promotion, and tenure of office within federal civil service

49
Q

federal civil service

A

the entirety of the merit-based bureaucracy

50
Q

iron triangle

A

mutual benefit of interest groups, bureaucracy, and congress
(congress gives funding or laws, Interest groups give support, bureaucracy gives better implementation to congress or less oversight to interest groups)

51
Q

issue network

A

webs of influence between interest groups, policymakers, and other advocates

52
Q

implementation

A

bureaucracy puts laws into action

53
Q

bureaucratic discretion

A

power to decide on how a law is implemented

54
Q

bureaucratic adjudication

A

bureaucracy determines who is covered by a program or settles disputes regarding this

55
Q

malapportionment

A

uneven distribution of population among legislative districts

56
Q

political action committee

A

organization that fundraises for candidates/campaigns

57
Q

standing, joint, conference, select committees

A

standing = permanent, consider legislation
joint = involves both houses, speedy
conference = joint, resolves differences btw House + Senate bill versions
special/select = special, usually investigative

58
Q

placing a hold

A

a senator airing grievances during a discussion regarding some legislation –> what causes filibusters

59
Q

Fed 78

A

fed judiciary would be unlikely to infringe upon rights and liberties, would serve as a check on the other branches

AP Gov + Econ (3 decks)

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