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Human Anatomy 2255 Unit 2 > Unit 2 Flash Cards > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flash Cards

1
Q

2nd order for Semimembranosus M*

A

Origin: Ischial Tuberosity
Insertion: Posterior Surface of Medial Condyle of Tibia
Action Extends thigh and Flexes Leg
Innervation: Tibial Division of Sciatic N (L4-S1)

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2
Q

2nd Order of Semitendinosus M*

A

Origin: Ischial Tuberosity
Insertion: Proximal Medial surface of Tibia
Action: Extends thigh and flexes leg
Innervation: Tibial division of sciatic N

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3
Q

2nd Order of Tibialis Posterior M*

A

Origin: Fibula, tibia, and interosseus membrane
Insertion: Metatarsals II-IV, navicular bone, cuboid bone, all cuneiforms
Action: Plantarflexes foot; inverts foot
Innervation: Tibial Nerve

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4
Q

2nd order of Adductor Longus M*

A

Origin: Pubis near Pubic Symphisis
Insertion: Linea Aspira of Femur
Action: Adducts thigh; flexes thigh
Innervation: Obturator N

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5
Q

2nd order of Tibialis Anterior M*

A

Origin: Lateral Condyle and Proximal shaft of Tibia; Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Metatarsal I and 1st (medial) cuneiform
Action: Dorsiflexes foot; inverts foot
Innervation: Deep Fibular N

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6
Q

2nd order of Fibularis Tertius M*

A

Origin: Anterior Distal surfac of fibula; interosseus membrane
Insertion: Base of metatarsal V (pinky toe)
Action: Dorsiflxes and weakly everts foot
Innervation: Deep Fibular N

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7
Q

2nd order of Gastrocnemius

A

Origin: Superior posterior surfaces of lateral and medial condyles of femur
Insertion: Calcaneus (heel) via calcaneus tendon (Achilles)
Action: Flexes Leg; plantar flexes foot
Innervation: Tibial N

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8
Q

2nd Order of Pectineus M*

A

Origin: Pectineal Line of Pubis
Insertion: Pectineal Line of Femur
Action: ADDucts thigh ; flexes thigh
Innervation: Femoral Nerve or Obturator N

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9
Q

2nd Order of Gracilis M*

A

Origin: Inferior Ramus and Body of Pubis
Insertion: Linea Aspira of Femur
Action: Adducts thigh and flexes thigh; flexes leg
Innervation: Obturator Nerve

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10
Q

2nd Order of Tensor Fascia Latae M*

A

Origin: Iliac Crest and lateral surface of Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
Insertion: Iliotibial Band (IT Band)
Action: Abducts thigh; medially rotates thigh
Innervation: Superior Gluteal Nerve

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11
Q

2nd Order of Rectus Femoris M *

A

Origin: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
Insertion: Quadriceps Tendon to patella and patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends leg; flexes thigh
Innervation: Femoral Nerve

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12
Q

Muscles in the Anterior Compartment of the thigh

A 
Quadriceps Femoris MM
Rectus Femoris M
Vastus Lateralis M
Vastus Medialis M
Vastus Intermedius M

Sartorius M
Iliopsoas M

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13
Q

Lateral Compartment of the thigh

A 
Tensor Fascia Latae M
Iliotibial Tract (or Band)
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14
Q

Adductor (Medial) compartment of the thigh

A 
Addctor Brevis M
Adductor Longus M
Adductor Magnus M (adductor and hamstring parts)
Gracilis M
Pectineus M
Obturator N
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15
Q

What structures lie within the Femoral Triangle?

A

Femoral Nerve
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein

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16
Q

Posterior Thigh Structures

A

Biceps Femoris M (Short and Long Heads)
Semitendinosus M
Semimembranosus M
Sciatic N

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17
Q

Popliteal Region (Popliteal Fossa)

A

Popliteal A and V
Tibial N
Common Fibular N
Superior Medial Genicular Artery and Nerve
Superior Lateral Genicular Artery and Nerve
Inferior Medial Genicular Artery and Nerve
Inferior Lateral Genicular Artery and Nerv
Lateral Sural Cutaneous Nerve
Medial Sural Cutaneous nerve
Sural Nerve (Lateral and Medial Merge)

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18
Q

Anterior Compartment of the Leg

A 
Tibialis Anterior M
Fibularis Tertius M
Extensor Hallucis Longus M
Extensor Digitorum Longus M
Deep Fibular N
Anterior Tibial A & V
Saphenous N
Pes Ansernus
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19
Q

Lateral Compartment of the Leg

A

Fibularis Longus M
Fibularis Brevis M
Superficial Fibular N

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20
Q

Posterior Compartment of the leg (Superficial)

A 
Triceps Surae MM
  Gastrocnemius M (Medial and Lateral Heads)
  Soleus M
Plantarus M
Small Saphenous V
Achilles (or Calcaneal ) Tendon
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21
Q

Posterior Compartment of the leg (deep)

A 
Popliteus M (Back of Knee)
Flexor Digitorum Longus M
Tibialis Posterior M
Flexor Hallicus Longus M
Posterior Tibial A&V
Fibular A&V
Tibial N
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22
Q

Ankle section

A

Superior Extensor Retinaculum ( Holds tendons)
Inferior Extensor Retinaculum (Holds tendons)
Deltoid Ligament
Lateral Ligament
Achilles Tendon

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23
Q

Dorsal Foot Section

A 
Extensor Digitorum Brevis M
Extensor Hallucis Brevis M
Dorsalis Pedis Artery
Arcuate Artery (Creates an Arc with Dorsalis Pedis)
Dorsal Venous Arch
Deep Fibular N
Dorsal Interossei MM
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24
Q

Plantar Foot Section (Layer 1)

A

Plantar Aponeurosis
Flexor Digitorum Brevis M
Adductor Digiti Minimi M
Adductor Hallucis M

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25
Q

Plantar Foot Layer 2

A 
Flexor digitorum longus TT
Flexor Hallucis Longus T
Quadratus Plantae M
Medial Plantar A N V
Lateral Plantar A N V
Lumbrical MM
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26
Q

Plantar Foot Layer 3

A

Adductor Hallucis M (Oblique and Transverse Heads)
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis M
Flexor Hallucis Brevis M

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27
Q

Special Knee Dissection

A 
Quadriceps Femoris Tendon
Patella (KneeCap)
Patellar Ligament
Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments
Medial and Lateral Menisci
Fibular or Lateral Collateral Ligament
Tibial or medial collateral ligament
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28
Q

Tarsal Bones

A 
Calcaneus (Heel Bone)
Talus (Head, Neck, Trochlea)
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial, Intermediate, and Lateral Cuneiforms
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29
Q

“Mixed” Nerves contain

A

Sensory and Motor Neurons

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30
Q

Sensory Nerves Innervate

A

Areas of the skin which give sensation

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31
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Body movement
Maintenance of posture
Temperature Regulation (Most Calories are burned here )
Storage and movement of Materials (Blood)
Support for Abdominal organs

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32
Q

Order of Skeletal Muscle Structural Organization

A 
Muscle (Biggest)
Fascicles
Muscle Fibers (Muscle Cells)
Myofibrils (Found within a fibril)
Sarcomeres
Myofilaments (Proteins)
Actin and Myosin ( Smallest)
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33
Q

What are Myofibrils made of

A

Myofilaments Actin and Myosin

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34
Q

What are Muscle Fibers made of?

A

Myofibrils

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35
Q

Muscles are comprised of….?

A

Fascicles

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36
Q

Cell Membrane of a muscle Cell

A

Sarcolemma

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37
Q

Cytoplasm of a Muscle Cell

A

Sarcoplasm

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38
Q

How many Myofibrils does the sarcoplasm(Cytoplasm)

A

100-1,000 myofibrils

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39
Q

What has the ability to shorten, contracting the entire muscle cells

A

Myofibrils

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40
Q

What are Myofibrils made up of?

A

Sarcomeres

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41
Q

What is the difference between the two myofilaments?

A

Myosin is Thick

Actin is Thin

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42
Q

What is composed of repeating groups of myofilaments?

A

Sarcomere

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43
Q

Thin Filaments (5nm)

A

Actin and associated proteins (troponin and Tropomyosin)

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44
Q

Thick Filaments (11nm)

A

Myosin

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45
Q

Functional Contractile Unit of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber

A

Sarcomere

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46
Q

A single set of think and thick filaments

A

Sarcomere

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47
Q

What causes skeletal muscle fibers to appear striated?

A

Organization of Thick and thin filaments (Sarcomere)

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48
Q

Dark “A” Bands in Muscle Tissue

A

Contain the entire myosin molecule and an overlapping portion of Actin

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49
Q

Light “I” Bands in Muscle Tissue

A

Contain Actin Filaments Only

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50
Q

What are the 3 concentric layers of connective tissue?

A

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
Deep and Superficial Fascia

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51
Q

What is the Endomysium of connective tissue?

A

The innermost layer that electrochemically insulates each muscle fiber (Surrounds it)

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52
Q

What is the Perimysium of connective tissue?

A

The tissue that surrounds fascicles (Dense, Irregular, Connective)

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53
Q

What is the Epimysium of connective tissue?

A

Surrounds the entire muscle (Dense, irregular, connective)

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54
Q

What layers of connective tissue join to make tendons

A

Epimysium and Perimysium

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55
Q

Tendons attach to…..

A

Bones

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56
Q

Deep and Superficial Fascia

A

Surround and separate muscles. Houses blood vessels and nerves.
Superficial is Aereolar connective

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57
Q

What merge at muscle ends to form tendons that attach muscle to bones?

A

Connective Tissue Layers;
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

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58
Q

What is an Aponeurosis?

A

A wide, flat tendon

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59
Q

What shape do tendons usually take?

A

Rope-Like

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60
Q

Origin of a Muscle

A

The articulating bone that does not move when the muscle contracts

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61
Q

Insertion of a muscle

A

The articulating bone that moves when the muscle contracts

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62
Q

What is an Anatomical Lever?

A

An elongate, rigid object that moves at a joint called a fulcrum

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63
Q

What are the 3 functions of anatomical levers?

A

Change the speed or distance of movement
Change direction of the applied force
Change the force strength

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64
Q

What is the first class of Anatomical Levers in the Human Body?

A

Fulcrum between resistance and effort (Head on neck).
Scissors, see-saw, Atlantoccipital joint
Head=Load
Force= muscles that extend, hyperextend, and flex the head

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65
Q

Anatomical Levers (Key)

A

Force=Effort=Muscles
Load=Weight=Resistance
Fulcrum=Joint=Pivot Point

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66
Q

What is the second class of Anatomical Levers in the Human Body?

A

Resistance is between Fulcrum and effort (ankle ) (uncommon)
Stand on Tiptoes
Metatarsal-Phalangeal joint
Load=weight of body
Force=gastrocnemius; soleus, and achilles tendon

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67
Q

What is the third class of Anatomical Levers in the Human Body?

A

Effort is between resistance and fulcrum
Elbow, knee, jaw (most inefficient)

Humerus-Ulna
Load=what’s in the hand/hand
Force=Biceps Brachii
Fulcrmum= Humeroulnar joint

Temporomandibular joint (Jaw)
Joint: Fulcrum
Force: Mastitor Muscle
Load: Whatever you’re biting

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68
Q

What chemical is released at all neuromuscular junctions?

A

AcetylCholine

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69
Q

How does muscle contraction begin?

A

When a motor neuron impulse action potential stimulates a muscle fiber by releasing a neurotransmitter (ACh) onto its surface

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70
Q

Where does a motor neuron come in lose proximity to a muscle fiber?

A

A Neuromuscular Junction

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71
Q

What is the expanded end of an axon terminal

A

Synaptic Knob

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72
Q

What are Synaptic Vesicles?

A

Tiny membranous sacs filled with a neurotransmitter (Usually AcetylCholine)

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73
Q

What part of the Sarcolemma meets the synaptic knob?

A

Motor End Plate

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74
Q

What is the Synaptic Cleft?

A

Space between the synaptic knob and the motor end plate (ridgy part f the sarcolemma) (Cell Membrane)

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75
Q

Motor Unit

A

One motor neuron and the connection of muscle cells ( fibers) it controlls

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76
Q

How many muscle cells does a motor unit have?

A

It can include a few muscle cells or up to several hundred

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77
Q

What principle applies to muscle contraction?

A

The all-or-nothing principle (When it starts, it cannot stop)

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78
Q

What type of motor control requires more motor units?

A

Fine motor control

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79
Q

Muscle Hypertrophy

A

An increase in muscle fiber size. Results from repetitive stimulation of muscle fibers (exercise). Myofibrils and myofilaments increase in number, but not muscle fiber

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80
Q

Muscle Atrophy

A

The opposite of hypertrophy. A reduction of a muscle’s mass due to inefficient exercise

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81
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Slow, Intermediate, and fast

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82
Q

Slow Skeletal Muscle Fibers

A

Type I, Slow, Oxidative, Red

Low Metabolic rate. Don’t fatigue quickly
Uses Aerobic respiration
Contains lots of myoglobin. Lots of mitochondria, endurance muscles

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83
Q

Intermediate Skeletal Muscle Fibers

A

Type IIa, Fast, aerobic, light, red

Very rate, use aerobic respiration. Varying amounts of myoglobin

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84
Q

Fast Skeletal Muscle Fibers

A

Type IIb, fast, anaerobic, white), produces lactic acid. No myoglobin. Fatigues fast

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85
Q

How many types of muscle fibers does a single muscle fiber control?

A

A single motor unit controls only fibers of one type

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86
Q

What type of muscle fibers are densest in eye and hand muscles?

A

Fast Skeletal Muscles

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87
Q

What are the 4 types of fascicle patterns?

A

Circular (Orbicularis Oris M, Orbicularis Oculi MM)
Parallelled (Splenius Capitis M, Rectus Abdominus)
Convergent (Trapezius M, Latissimus Dorsi M)
Pennate
Unipennate (Extensor Digitorum longus M, Fibularis Tertius
Bipennate (Dorsal Interossei M, Rectus Femoris M)
Multipennate (Soleus M, Deltoid M)

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88
Q

What are the types of Pennate Fascicle Patterns

A

Unipennate (1/2 of a feather) (Most powerful)
Bipennate (Whole Feather)
Multipennate

89
Q

How are muscles named?

A 
Based on their:
Appearance
Location
Action
Origin
Orientation of fascicles
Unusual Features
90
Q

How many bones does each lower limb contain?

A 
At least 30
1 Femur
1 Patella (KneeCap) (Sesamoid)
1 Tibia , 1 Fibula
7 Tarsal Bones in the Ankle
5 Metatarsal Bones in the body of the foot
14 Phalanges in the toes
91
Q

What does Sesamoid bone mean?

A

Little Bone

92
Q

What is the longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body?

A

Femur

93
Q

What part of the femur articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum?

A

Femur @ (Acetabulofemoral joint)

94
Q

Where do Hip and Thigh muscles insert on the Femur?

A

Greater and Lesser Trochanters

95
Q

what are the Smooth, round surfaces that articulate with the tibial condyles and facets, forming the knee joint?

A

Medial and Lateral Condyles of the Femr

96
Q

What bone in the leg is not weight-bearing

A

Fibula

97
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

Patella (kneecap)

98
Q

What tendon is the Patella found in?

A

Quadriceps Tendon

99
Q

What is the largest surface of the Patella?

A

Lateral Articular Surface/Facet

100
Q

What are the parts of the Patella?

A

Base, Apex, Lateral and Medial Articular Facets

101
Q

What does it mean for sesamoid bones to be epigenetic?

A

They have potential to form, but don’t have to

102
Q

How are sesamoid bones formed?

A

Formed in Tendons, Due to compression, pulling, manual Labor, hand-intensive labor

103
Q

What sesamoid bone forms in the Fibularis Longus Tendon?

A

Osperoneum

104
Q

What sesamoid bone forms in the Tarsal Bone Tendons?

A

Ostrigonum

105
Q

What are the 3 arches of the foot in Humans?

A

Medial Longitudinal Arch
Lateral Longitudinal Arch
Transverse

106
Q

Plantigrade

A

Weighted Distribution through tarsals and Phalanges (Humans and Bears)

107
Q

Digitigrade

A

Weight distributed through phalanges (Tiptoe)

108
Q

How are the muscles of the lower limb arranged?

A

In compartments by deep Fascia (Dense, Irregular Connective)
Thigh: Tensor Fascia Latae T
Leg: Crural Fascia

109
Q

What are the functions of muscle compartments?

A

Improves venous return of blood and localizes infections (Compression Socks)

110
Q

What do muscles in the same compartment share?

A

Arterial supply and venous drainage (blood flow)
Innervation
One or more actions

111
Q

What are the dense Fibrous tissues that hold sliding tendons in correct position?

A

Retinaculum(a)

112
Q

What are the tissues in the Ankle which hold the tendons in place?

A

Superior and Inferior Extensor Retinacula(um)

113
Q

Iliopsoas M

A

Made up of the Ilicus and Psoas Major Muscles (Deep to Sartorius)
Agonist of the Anterior thigh for hip flexing
Innervated by Femoral N

114
Q

Sartorius M

A

Laterally rotates thigh and weakly flexes knee, Flexes thigh

115
Q

Quadriceps Femoris MM (Muscle Group)

A

4 muscles which extend the leg at the knee. All 4 share and insert on the Quadriceps Tendon which contains the Patella (KneeCap)

116
Q

Rectus Femoris M

A

Extends the Leg at the knee, Flexes thigh

Originates on Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)

117
Q

Vastus Medialis M

A

Originates on the femur. Extends the leg at the knee

118
Q

Vastus Lateralis M

A

Originates on the femur. Extends the leg at the knee

119
Q

Vastus Intermedius M

A

Originates on the femur. Extends the leg at the knee. Deep to Rectus Femoris

120
Q

Medial Thigh (Adductor ) (Groin) Muscles MM

A

These muscles adduct the thigh and assist with flexion of the thigh (Synergists for flexion)

121
Q

Which Adductor muscle is redundant and used for graafts for muscle replacement

A

Gracilis M

122
Q

Which Adductor muscle has a lateral (hamstring) and medial (adductor) portion which is separated by a Hiatus?

A

Adductor Magnus M (Body 3 in Practical Exam)

123
Q

What Artery dives to become the Popliteal Artery in the Adductor Hiatus

A

Femoral Artery

124
Q

Which muscle is the agonist of Adduction?

A

Adductor Magnus M

125
Q

What is the superficial ADDuctor muscle which forms part of the femoral triangle?

A

Adductor Longus M

126
Q

What structures make up the Femoral Triangle?

A

Sartorius
Inguinal Line
Adductor Longus

127
Q

Adductor Brevis M

A

Deep to Adductor Longus M, can be viewed Laterally

128
Q

Pectineus

A

Anterior or Medial Thigh
May be innervated by Femoral N. or Obturator N
Flexes Hip

129
Q

Lateral Thigh

A 
Tensor Fascia Latae M
Iliotibial Tract(Band) IT Band
130
Q

What muscle in the Lateral Thigh medially rotates the thigh and is enclosed within an Aponeurosis

A

Tensor Fascia Latae

131
Q

What muscle shares the IT Tract (Band) with Tensor Fascia Latae?

A

Gluteus Macimus M

132
Q

IT Band Syndrome

A

Tendonitis of the IT Tract/Band
Occurs from StairStepper/Running Bleachers
Pain is felt in the KneeCap

133
Q

Posterior Thigh (Hamstring) Muscles MM

A

They extend the thigh and flex the leg. They are Antagonists to the quads.
All Originate at the Ischeal Tuberosity
All Innervated by the Sciatic N

134
Q

Biceps Femoris M

A

Most Lateral Hamstring muscle (Little Toe Side)
Origin: Ischeal Tuberosity
Innervation: Sciatic N
Action: Extend the thigh and flex the leg

135
Q

Semitendinosus

A

Origin: Ischeal Tuberosity
Innervation: Sciatic N
Action: Extend the thigh and flex the leg
Responsible for a little bit of medial rotation

136
Q

Semimembranosus

A

Origin: Ischeal Tuberosity
Innervation: Sciatic N
Action: Extend the thigh and flex the leg
Responsible for a little bit of medial rotation

137
Q

Extrinisic Muscles

A

muscles that arise outside of, but act on, the structure under consideration. For example, those muscles operating the hand but having fleshy bellies located in the forearm.

138
Q

Muscles of the leg

A

Muscles that move the foot and toes are Crural, extrinsic muscles/
They Originate on the Fibula and Tibia
Their action is to move the toes

139
Q

What are the 3 main compartments in the leg?

A

Anterior (Innervated by Deep Fibular N)
Lateral (Innervated by Superficial Fibular N)
Posterior (Innervated by the Tibial N)

140
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Moving the foot toward the head (Extension)

141
Q

Anterior Leg Muscles

A

Muscles which Dorsiflex the Foot or Toes

  • Extensor Hallucis M
  • Extensor Digitorum Longus M
  • Fibularis Tertius M
142
Q

Extensor Hallucis M

A

Dorsiflex the Foot or Toes

Inserts on Proximal Phalynx of big toe

143
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus

A

Dorsiflex the Foot or Toes

Inserts on Toes 2-5

144
Q

Which muscle in the Anterior Leg dorsiflexes the foot, everts the foot, and runs laterally along the foot.

A

Fibularis Tertius

145
Q

Muscles of the Lateral Leg

A

Muscles which Evert the foot and are innervated by the Superficial Fibular Nerve

146
Q

Fibularis Longus M

A

Tendon inserts on the base of Metatarsal I (Big Toe) and can sometimes have a sesamoid bone (Osperoneum)

147
Q

Fibularis Brevis M

A

Deep to the Longus

Inserts on the base of Metatarsal 5 (Little Toe)

148
Q

Gastrocnemius M

A 
Split into medial and lateral heads
Both insert on the femue
Action: Weakly flexes the knee
Means "Split Belly"
Plantarflex the foot at the ankle
149
Q

Soleus M

A

Means Flat Fish

Plantarflex the foot at the ankle

150
Q

Muscles of the Posterior Leg

A

These muscles Plantarflex the foot at the ankle and share the Achilles (Calcaneal) tendon.

151
Q

Plantaris M

A

Plantarflex the foot at the ankle

Vestigial Structure with a tiny tendon

152
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus

A

(Toes 2-5) (Medial) Inserts on the distal Phalanges

153
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus

A

(Toes 2-5) (Medial) Inserts on the distal Phalanges

154
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus

A

Flexes Hallux (Big Toe)

155
Q

Tibialis Posterior

A

Flexes and Inverts the foot

156
Q

Popliteus

A

Weakly flexes the knee *Is on top of the knee

157
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Structures that have reduced size and function compared to an earlier poeriod in evulutionary history

158
Q

Examples of Vestigial Structures

A

Hip bones of whales, the blind eyes of cave fish, snake legs (formerly Femurs)

159
Q

Exaptation

A

Using a vestigial Structure for a different purpose than the original use.
Structure acquires a secondary structure
“Spurs on a snake”

160
Q

Examples of Vestigial Structures in Humans

A 
Vermiform Appendix
Wisdom Teeth
Coccyx
Erector Pilae Muscles
Ear Movers
Ribs 11 and 12
161
Q

How are the Tibia and Fibula connected

A

Syndesmosis and Ligaments

162
Q

Where do the Tibia and Fibula Articulate with the Talus of the Ankle?

A

Distal ends of the tibia and fibula articulate with the talus (a tarsal bone) of the ankle and have projections called medial and lateral malleoli.

163
Q

How many Phalanges does each toe have?

A 
There are 3 Phalanges iun tooes 2-5 (Proximal, middle, and Distal)
The Hallux (Big Toes) has only Proximal and Distal Phalanges
164
Q

Which arch of the foot runs from heel to base of the big toe?

A

Medial Longitudinal Arch

165
Q

Which Arch of the foor runs from Heel to base of Digit 5, but is not as high as the medial arch

A

Lateral Longitudinal Arch

166
Q

Which Arch of the foot runs perpendicular to the long arches?

A

Transverse Arch

167
Q

What maintains the Longitudinal Arches?

A

Plantar Ligaments and the Plantar Aponeurosis

168
Q

What muscle in the Plantar foot has two heads that form a “7” ?

A

Adductor Hallucis M

169
Q

What is the most Lateral Plantar Foot Muscle

A

Adductor Digiti Minimi M

170
Q

What is the largest Synovial Joint in the body?

A

The Knee

171
Q

What Ligaments prevent knee aBduction and AdDuction at full extension?

A

Lateral and Medial Collateral Ligaments

172
Q

Which Ligament prevents Anterior Dislocation of the Tibia (ACL) and Posterior Dislocation (PCL)

A

Cruciate Ligaments

173
Q

What test indicates an ACL Rupture

A

A Positive Anterior Drawer test

174
Q

Menisci

A

Fibrous Cartilage that improve articulation between Femoral Condyles and facets of Tibial Condyles

175
Q

What is an Unhappy Triad?

A

A Torn ACL, MCL, and Medial Meniscus (Lateral Blow to the Knee)

176
Q

The Sliding Filament Theory

A

When a muscle contracts, thick and thin filaments slide past each other and the sarcomere shortens

177
Q

What changes occur within a sarcomere during a muscle contraction

A
  • The width of the “A” Band remains constant
  • The H Zone Disappears
  • The “I” Bands Narrow or Shorten in length
  • The Z Discs in one sarcomere move closer together
  • The sarcomere narrows or shortens in length
178
Q

Enthesis

A

The point where a tendon connects to a bone

179
Q

Osteophyte

A

Bone Spur (Chronic Inflammation)

180
Q

Enthesopathy

A

Groin Pull (Ankles)

181
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

182
Q

How many muscles are in the body?

A

Over 700

183
Q

What type of muscle tissue is in the Muscular system?

A

Skeletal Muscle

184
Q

Where are Cardiac Muscle Fibers found?

A

In the heart and the base of the heart’s largest vessels

185
Q

What is a cardiac muscle cell?

A

Cardiocyte

186
Q

Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles

A
  • Striated
  • Mono or Multinucleate
  • Branched and woven in appearance
  • Jointed to others by intercalated disks, which each contain numerous gap junctions and desmosomes
187
Q

Gap Junction

A

are a specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells.

188
Q

Desmosomes

A 
Allows "give"
Support
Structure
Stretch
a structure by which two adjacent cells are attached, formed from protein plaques in the cell membranes linked by filaments.
189
Q

Autorhythmic

A

Able to generate muscle impulses without stimulation from the nervous system (Myogenic Conduction)

190
Q

How is the rate of Cardiac Muscle Contraction regulated?

A

By the Autonomic (Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system)

191
Q

Sympathetic

A

Oh Shit

192
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Resting

193
Q

Smooth Muscle Fibers

A

Form the walls of some blood vessels, digestive tract organs, ducts, etc.

194
Q

What is the structure of Smooth Muscle Fibers?

A 
Cells are short and Fusiform with one nucleus
No Striations (No Sarcomeres)
Actin and Myosin are present
195
Q

Dense Bodies (Smooth Muscle Fibers)

A

Within cells are attachment points for thick and thin protein filaments

196
Q

Which system controls smooth muscles?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

197
Q

How many layers are generally present in Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

2

198
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

An organ that contains Epithelial, Connective, muscular, and nervous tissue?

199
Q

What is the structure of Skeletal Muscle Cells?

A

Heavily Striated
Multinucleate and unbranched
Often as long as the muscle they are part of

200
Q

What are the four properties of muscle fibers?

A

Excitability
Contractibility
Elasticity
Extensibility

201
Q

Excitability (Property of Muscle Fibers)

A

Outside Stimuli can initiate electrical charges (Action potential) in the muscle fibers, leading to contraction

202
Q

Contractibility (Property of Muscle Fibers)

A

Stimulation leads to contraction (Shortening) of a muscle fiber

203
Q

Elasticity

A

A muscle fiber’s ability to return to its original length after a contraction

204
Q

Extensibility

A

The ability of a non-contracted muscle fiber to be stretched past its relaxed length, (by opposing muscle tissue) Ex. The Triceps Accommodate the bicep when flexed

205
Q

Name a structure INSIDE the femoral Triangle

A

Femoral A, N, V

206
Q

What nerve is visible in the medial thigh compartment?

A

Obturator N

207
Q

Name 2 Branches of the Deep Femoral Artery

A

Medial and Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery

208
Q

Name 2 Arteries that branch from the Popliteal Artery

A

Superior and Inferior Medial and Lateral Genicular Arteries

209
Q

Name 2 Branches of the Sciatic Nerve in the Popliteal region

A

Tibial N, Common Fibular N

210
Q

Name 1 Muscle found in the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh

A

Rectus Femoris M
Vastus Lateralis M
Vastus Medialis M
Vastus Intermedius M

211
Q

Name 2 Muscles that form the calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon:

A

Medial and Lateral Gastrocnemius M

Soleus M

212
Q

What is the Large Superficial vessel in the posterior Leg?

A

Small Saphenous V

213
Q

Name 1 Structure that makes up the Pes Ansernus

A

Sartorius T, Gracilis T, or Semitendinosus T

214
Q

Name 2 Ligaments in the Ankle

A

Deltoid L and Lateral L

215
Q

Name 1 Vessel found in the deep posterior Leg

A

Posterior Tibial AV, Fibular AV

216
Q

Name 2 Muscles found in the Anterior leg

A

Tibialis Anterior M

Fibularis Tertius M

217
Q

Name the nerve found in the lateral leg:

A

Superficial Fibular N

218
Q

What is the Pes Ansernus

A

Sartorius T, Gracilis T, and Semitendinosus T

Human Anatomy 2255 Unit 2 (1 decks)

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