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Advanced Higher Biology > UNIT 2 - Field techniques > Flashcards

UNIT 2 - Field techniques Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a hazard?

A

a hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects of an individual

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2
Q

what are some examples of hazards (field techniques)?

A

terrain
weather
organisms
isolation

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3
Q

what is a risk?

A

a risk is the likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard

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4
Q

what is a risk assessment?

A

a risk assessment involves identifying risks and taking control measures to minimise them

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5
Q

example of control measures?

A

appropriate equipment
clothing and footwear
means of communication

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6
Q

how should sampling be done?

A

in a way that minimises impact on wild species and their habitats

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7
Q

what is a point count?

A

this is a sampling technique where an observer stands still in one place and records all the individual organisms observed

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8
Q

what is point count useful for?

A

determining species abundance ( a camera may be used)

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9
Q

what is remote detection?

A

a sampling technique carried out from a distance using sensors (satellites may be used)

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10
Q

what is remote detection useful for?

A

used for global vegetation surverys or areas that are hard to access

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11
Q

what are quadrats?

A

this is a sampling method that requires a square frame of various sizes used for estimating the percentage of ground cover of species.

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12
Q

what are quadrats useful for?

A

slow moving species

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13
Q

what are long worm traps used for?

A

small mammals can be caught using long worm traps

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14
Q

what should capture techniques allow?

A

for organisms to be released unharmed

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15
Q

what is a mist net?

A

a capture technique used to capture birds/ bats (can only be used with lisence)

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16
Q

what are elusive species?

A

elusive species are those who are very difficult to sample through normal observation

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17
Q

how can you sample elusive species?

A

direct evidence can be obtained by camera trapping and indirect evidence can be obtained through scat sampling

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18
Q

how can organisms be identified?

A

classification guides
biological keys
analysis of DNA

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19
Q

how can organisms be classified?

A

by taxonomy and phylogenetics

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20
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

taxonomy is the identification and naming of organisms and their classifications into groups based on shared characteristics

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21
Q

what is classification?

A

classification is the process by which scientists group living organisms

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22
Q

what is phylogenetics?

A

is the study of the evolutionary history of relationships among individuals or groups of organisms

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23
Q

what does phylogenetics require?

A

uses heritable traits such as morphology, DNA sequences and protein structure

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24
Q

divergent evolution

A

the process by which groups from the same common ancestor evolve and accumulate differences resulting in a formation of a new species - based on same structures adapted for different functions

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25
Q

covergent evolution

A

the independent evolution of similar features in different species - based on different structures adapted for similar function

26
Q

examples of taxonomic groups?

A

nematodes
chordates
arthropods

27
Q

what is a model organism?

A

model organisms are organisms that are either studied easily or have been well studied

28
Q

what are some examples of model organisms?

A 
fruit fly  
bacterium - ecoli
zeberafish
mice
rats
29
Q

why are model organisms useful?

A

information obtained from model organisms can be applied to other species that are more difficult to study directly

30
Q

what does the presence/absence of indicator species tell us?

A

the presence, absence or abundance of indicator species tells us about the environmental qualities such as the presence of a pollutant

31
Q

what assumptions does the mark and recapture technique require?

A
  • that all individuals have an equal chance of recapture
  • that there is no immigration or emigration
  • the marked organisms will be able to mix back in with the total population
32
Q

what are phylogenetic trees used for?

A

they show evolutionary history and relatedness

33
Q

what is the hierarchy of biological classification?

A 
life 
domain 
kingdom
phylum
class 
order
family
genus 
species
34
Q

what are two qualities of a model organism?

A
  • easily kept and well/easily studied studied

- most useful/most harmful examples

35
Q

what is an ethogram?

A

list of behaviours

36
Q

what is the name of a table that depicts time an organism spends on various actions throughout a specific time period?

A

time-activity budget

37
Q

what is a time-activity budget?

A

the name of a table that depicts time an organism spends on various actions throughout a specific time period

38
Q

what are three measurements that can be used to quantify animal behaviour?

A

duration - how long a behaviour lasts
frequency - how often behaviour occurs
latency - the time between stimulus and response

39
Q

what is the study of animal behaviour called?

A

ethology

40
Q

what is anthropomorphism?

A

attributing human behaviour to other organisms

41
Q

what is the mark and recapture technique used for?

A

estimating population size/abundance

42
Q

what are some methods for marking organisms?

A 
banding 
tagging
painting
hair clipping
surgical implantation
43
Q

what are biological keys?

A

they are branched or paired statement keys with each paired option focusing on characteristics. This allows different species to be separated

44
Q

what kind of information do biological keys usually contain and why?

A

biological keys usually contain specialist identification information as this can be as specific as details seen only under the microscope

45
Q

why is analysing DNA/proteins an important technique for separating species?

A

some species look extremely similar to each other

other species may have been discovered as a fragment rather than a whole specimen

DNA/protein analysis allows for these species to be categorised based on how similar their DNA sequence or protein sequence is to another species

46
Q

what is classic taxonomy classification based on?

A

morphology

47
Q

what is the formula for estimating population size?

A

N = mc/r

N = population size
M = number marked (1st time) 
C = total number captured (2nd time)
R = recaptured organisms (2nd time)
48
Q

why is sampling useful?

A

it eliminates the need to record and measure every member as long as the sample is representative

49
Q

simple random sample

A

individuals have an equal chance of being selected - this is useful for large population of uniform

50
Q

systematic sample

A

individuals selected at regular intervals - often used when sampling transit cues

51
Q

stratified sampling

A

population is divided into categories and sampled proportionately - useful if the population has known subsets

52
Q

what is protective legislation?

A

legislation put in place to protect organisms/species and their habitats

53
Q

difference between line and belt transect?

A

a line transect is a single line with species touching the line at stations counted in a belt transect is a wider zone with quadrats used at stations

54
Q

what is a nemotode?

A

nematodes - also called round worms unsegmented thread like body. many of them are parasitic and live inside a host

55
Q

what is an arthropod?

A

arthropods - joint legged invertebrates that are identified by their joint legged body typically with paired appendages

56
Q

what is a chordate?

A

chordates- sea squirts and vertebrates e.g birds, mammals and reptiles and others with a dorsal or spinal notochord.

57
Q

what is a transect?

A

a line or belt across a habitat or part of a habitat along which the number of organisms of each species can be observed and recorded at regularly placed stations

58
Q

give examples if health and safety precautions that should be taken on a field study?

A
  • means of communication
  • appropriate clothing and footwear
  • appropriate equipment
  • compass/map
59
Q

describe two precautions that can minimise the impact on species being sampled on the field

A
  • observe rather than catch
  • minimise numbers sampled
  • spend minimum time in habitats
  • return captured organisms to habitats ASAP
60
Q

give an account of the different methods that can be used to sample wild species?

A
  • point counts an observer stands in one fixed spot and observes and record each individual organism
  • transects - line across habitat

Advanced Higher Biology (11 decks)

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