Unit 2 Exam Flashcards
What is the origin of medical immunology?
Dr. Edward Jenner developed the small pox vaccine in 1796; by 1980 small pox was eradicated
Cell-mediated Immunity
T-cells recognize foreign molecule and virus infected cells; the T-cell itself attacks and destroys invader
[https://youtu.be/nqRn5fN22t4?si=GmRrtioIikIaVIMH]
Humoral Immunity
B-cells secrete antibodies, which are created in response to a specific antigen
https://youtu.be/rAepZG_ChyQ?si=DU0D1Y1jC1fnOmbO
Antibody
Immunoglobulin
Antigen
Foreign molecule or substance that induces an immune response
Cytokine
Protein messenger molecules, e.g. interleukins and interferons, that affect cell division, growth, and function in the immune system
Types of T-cell (3)
Regulatory T cell, T-helper, T-killer
Regulatory T-cell
Modulate immune system, prevent autoimmune disease
T Helper
Assist other lymphocytes to mature and activate
T-Killer
Destroy virus-infected cells, and tumor cells
B cells
mature in the bone marrow; they are responsible for creating and releasing antibodies, Y-shaped protein with two antigen binding sites
IgA Function
Found in mucous, saliva, tears, and breast milk. Protects against pathogens.
IgD Function
Part of the B-cell receptor. Activates basophils and mast cells
IgE Function
Protect against parasitic worms. Responsible for allergic reactions
IgG Function
Secreted by plasma cells in the blood. Able to cross the placenta into the fetus.
IgM Function
May be attached to the surface of a B cell or secreted into the blood. Responsible for early stages of immunity.
Clonal Selection Theory
- Each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor with a unique specificity
- Receptor occupation (antigen) is required for cell activation
- An activated B cells replicates and produces receptors with identical specificity for the activating antigen
-Those lymphocytes bearing receptors for self molecules are destroyed at an early stage
B Lymphocytes can develop into what?
Plasma cells or memory cells
Primary Response
- Full response takes 1-2 weeks; we suffer during this time
- The first time we encounter the pathogen
Secondary Response
- Full response develops in a few days
- The subsequent times we are exposed after the first time
General Immune Pathway
Recognition, Activation, and Response
Alternative Slicing
Produces many different proteins from a single gene, leading to many different antigen receptors
Nonspecific Immune System Responses
Phagocytosis and Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Process that removes unwanted invaders
Inflammation
Restores damaged tissues
Fagundes et al., 2019
There is a relationship between depression and inflammation among bereaved individuals
