unit 2 essay plans Flashcards
How accurate is it to say that the 1920s in India were years characterised by distrust and a hardening of the attitudes between Britain, Congress and the Muslim League?
-HARDENING OF BRITAIN
-imprisons gandhi after non- cooperation campaign
-DISTRUST GROWING BETWEEN MUSLIM LEAGUE AND CONGRESS
-muslims left congress due to lack of support after fall of the ottoman sultan
-rise in muslim values leads to tanzeen and tabligh movements and religious tension
-COOPERATION
‘In the years 1922-32, the position of Congress was strengthened’. How far do you agree?
YES- THROUGH DIRECT ACTION AND POLICIES LEADING TO GROWTH OF NATIONALISM
-Gandhi’s ‘back to basics’ policy increased the appeal of Congress in the countryside and resulted in an increased membership for the organisation
-Gandhi’s abilities to unite the divided elements of Congress at the Lahore Congress of1929 under the slogan of ‘purna swaraj’
-The success of the salt satyagraha in drawing attention to the demands of Indian nationalism, both at home and abroad
-1920-22 satyagraha
-gandhis imprisonment igniting riots
-continued satyagrahas in provincial areas whilst Gandhi imprisoned
YES THROUGH LEGISLATION
-irwin declaration
-gandhi Irwin pact
-first round table conference
NO
-muslim members leaving (2/3 left) due to lack of support after fall of the ottoman sultan
-There were periods of imprisonment for some of the leading members of Congress, e.g. Gandhi 1922-24 and 1930-31, Nehru 1922-23, 1930, 1931, which impacted on the organisation of the movement all of CWC and a lot of congress
-willingdon mass imprisoned gandhi and congress after RTC
-congress did not attend first round table conference, decisions made without them
-gandhi agreed to second round table conference going against congresses main values NO DOMINION STAUS, JUST FULL INDEPENDENCE, weakened them
-congress didn’t attend third round table conference and labour out of gov who was sympathetic to congress, replaced with less flexible conservative party
How accurate is it to say that, in the years 1920–32, Gandhi’s tactics were an effective means of opposing British rule in India?
YES- DIRECT NON COOPERATIVE ACTION
-satyagrahas (non- cooperation and salt) marked a change in tactic getting international and british attention
-The non-cooperation campaign acts as a catalyst for non-violence and the success of further satyagrahas
-salt satyagraha ended and the gandhi-irwin pact
-Mass arrests of protesters, e.g. in 1930, posed great difficulties for the prison system and demonstrated the problems that faced Britain in maintaining control
-gained what he wanted through his eating protest (poona pact abolished untouchables)
NO- DIRECT ACTION
-non- cooperation campaign was called off due to violence developing in the campaign (suggests tactics werent effective means for oppossing british rule)
-Gandhi’s style of leadership in the civil disobedience campaigns was confrontational, and this was not necessarily the most appropriate tactic for opposing British rule- WILLINGDON HATED GANDHI IRWIN DECLARATION AND GANDHI INFLUENCED HIM TO BAN AND IMPRISON CONGRESS ETC- Mass devestation of congress’s position
NO POLICIES AND HANDLING OF INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNAL AFFAIRS
- Gandhi alienated other sections of the nationalist movement, undermining its effectiveness, e.g. by his claim to speak for all Indians at the Second Round Table Conference WHICH OPPOSSED EVERYONE ELSE CAUSING NO POSITIVE RESULT
-lucknow pact ended
-lack of support for muslims led to muslims leaving congress and a rise in muslim values causing a divide between the two
British policy in India, in the years 1928–35, was designed to maintain control of the sub-continent by making concessions.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
PARA 1- CONTROL VIA CONSCESSIONS
-The British appeared to be prepared to modify their approach in order to maintain control, e.g. the purpose of the Simon Commission (1928) to ceate a constitution to build on montagu declaration, the Poona Pact (1932) to appease Indians to prevent further rebellion
-British policy remained committed to dominion status, as evidenced by the Irwin Declaration (1929) in order to maintain the support of nationalists for British rule, didn’t adhere to congress’s deire of full independence
-The British were prepared to negotiate with the nationalists in order to maintain law and order, and hence control, e.g. 1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact and poona pact
-The terms of the 1935 Government of India Act attempted to provide a constitution that would continue to bind India to Britain, even once dominion status had been achieved.
PARA 2- CONTROL VIA REPRESSION
-Reaction to salt satyagraha
-willingdon imprisoning everyone and banning congress and condemning Irwin for collaboration with Gandhi (80k imprisoned)
-india defence league set up by conservative party 1933 and backed by media
-replacement of labour by conservatives in 1929 increased desire to control india (hoare and Willingdon)
-opposition in conservatives to goia 1935
PARA 3- COOPERATION VIA LEGISLATURE AND CONCESSIONS
-irwin declaration
-gandhi Irwin pact
-round table conference intent and outcomes of first one
-gov of india act
The impact of the salt satyagraha (1930) was more significant than the impact of any other civil disobedience campaign in the years 1920–42.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
PARA 1- 1920-22 SATYAGRAHA
Successes-increased relationship between congress and peasants, increased membership of congress, introduced the ideation of non cooperation, good ideation of tactics:
boycotting elections to the new assemblies
-removing children from schools
-refusing to attend events organised by the raj
-boycotting the courts
-witholding taxes
-refusing to buy imported goods
-leaving gov posts
-it established the principles on which Gandhi operated, e.g. filling the jails to make Indiaungovernable, and the salt satyagraha merely extended this approach
Failures- breached the rules of satyagraha resulting in violence
hartal in bombay descended into days of rioting and looting leaving 53 dead
-muslims declared a jihad killing Europeans and forcing conversions to islam
-congress supporters torched a police station killing 22 Indian policemen
-gandhi retreated and called off satyagraha
-arrested to 6 years immprisonment
PARA 2- SALT SATYAGRAHA
Successes- supported by untouchables which helped fight his cause ,walked 240 miles to sea, supporters walked with him including untouchables at his request, 10,000 marchers, 60,000 arrests made straining gov capability to control events
-Gandhi provided the date at which he would start to break the law to maximise attention for his actions
-they conformed to non violence showing progression of satyagraha tactics
- press took photos spreading Gandhi’s message and showing peaceful nature of protest internationally
-emotive and symbolic nature of salt drew people into supporting his cause
-lead to Gandhi Irwin pact
failures-Raj did not ignore the salt march and hundreds of peasants were arrested, as well as NEHRU and much of congress’s leadership
-gandhi arrested in may sending shock around inna sparking strikes and protests
-entire CWC arrested in June
mini conc- however it led to Gandhi- iwin pact and poona pact
PARA 3- QUIT INDIA CAMPAIGN SATYAGRAHA
