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[CCHEM2 LEC] > Unit 2 Enzymology > Flashcards

Unit 2 Enzymology Flashcards

1
Q

What is measured in enzyme activity?

A

Increase in product formation, decrease in substrate concentration, decrease in coenzyme concentration, increase in altered coenzyme concentration

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2
Q

Why is enzyme activity measured at zero-order kinetics?

A

Because the reaction is dependent on enzyme concentration and not substrate concentration

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3
Q

What are the two methods of measuring enzyme activity?

A

Fixed-time (endpoint measurement) and Continuous monitoring (kinetic assay)

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4
Q

What is the International Unit (IU) of enzyme activity?

A

The amount of enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of 1 μmol of substrate per minute under specified conditions

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5
Q

Which enzymes are used as reagents in diagnostic tests?

A

Glucose oxidase, hexokinase, cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, uricase, lipase

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6
Q

What are the major enzyme classifications?

A

Transferases, Hydrolases, Oxidoreductases, Lyases, Isomerases, Ligases

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7
Q

Which creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme is associated with the brain?

A

CK-BB (CK-1)

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8
Q

Which CK isoenzyme is most abundant in skeletal muscle?

A

CK-MM (CK-3)

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9
Q

What is the significance of CK-MB elevation?

A

It indicates myocardial infarction (heart attack)

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10
Q

Which CK isoenzyme moves the fastest in electrophoresis?

A

CK-BB

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11
Q

What is the normal reference range of total CK for males?

A

46-171 U/L

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12
Q

Which enzyme is a late marker for myocardial infarction?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)

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13
Q

What is the most abundant LD isoenzyme in normal serum?

A

LD-2

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14
Q

What is an LD flipped pattern and what does it indicate?

A

LD-1 > LD-2; indicates myocardial infarction

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15
Q

Which LD isoenzymes are elevated in liver disease?

A

LD-4 and LD-5

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16
Q

What are the two methods for measuring LD activity?

A

Wacker (forward) and Wroblewski-La Due (reverse)

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17
Q

Which enzyme is more specific for liver disease, AST or ALT?

A

ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)

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18
Q

What is the optimal pH for AST measurement?

A

7.3-7.8

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19
Q

What enzyme is the earliest to rise in myocardial infarction?

A

CK-MB

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20
Q

What enzyme is associated with alcohol-induced liver disease?

A

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

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21
Q

Which enzyme is more specific for hepatobiliary disease, ALP or GGT?

A

GGT

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22
Q

What is the most heat-stable ALP isoenzyme?

A

Placental ALP

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23
Q

What method is used to differentiate ALP isoenzymes?

A

Electrophoresis and heat stability tests

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24
Q

What enzyme is elevated in Paget’s disease?

A

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

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25
Q

Which ALP isoenzyme is most sensitive to heat denaturation?

A

Bone ALP

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26
Q

What enzyme is used in rape investigations?

A

Acid phosphatase (ACP)

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27
Q

Which isoenzyme of ACP is inhibited by tartrate?

A

Prostatic ACP

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28
Q

What enzyme is the most specific for acute pancreatitis?

A

Lipase (LPS)

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29
Q

What is the diagnostic significance of amylase?

A

Elevated in acute pancreatitis and mumps

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30
Q

Which amylase isoenzyme is found predominantly in urine?

A

P-type (pancreatic) amylase

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31
Q

Which method for measuring amylase involves iodine and starch?

A

Amyloclastic method

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32
Q

What condition shows increased amylase but normal lipase?

A

Mumps or parotitis

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33
Q

What enzyme is involved in glucose metabolism and hemolysis disorders?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD)

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34
Q

What is the optimal pH for acid phosphatase activity?

A

pH 5.0

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35
Q

Which enzyme is highly unstable and should be stored at room temperature?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)

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36
Q

What enzyme increases in chronic alcoholism?

A

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

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37
Q

Which method for CK measurement is most preferred?

A

Oliver Rosalki (reverse reaction)

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38
Q

What enzyme is increased in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

Creatine kinase (CK-MM)

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39
Q

What enzyme is involved in the transfer of amino groups?

A

Aminotransferases (AST and ALT)

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40
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate esters at an alkaline pH?

A

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

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41
Q

Which enzyme is inhibited by fluoride and mercury?

A

AST

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42
Q

What is the preferred specimen for enzyme assays?

A

Serum (red-top tube)

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43
Q

What enzyme is more stable, amylase or lipase?

A

Lipase

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44
Q

Which LD isoenzyme is increased in pulmonary embolism?

A

LD-3

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45
Q

What enzyme shows a peak elevation at 12-24 hours in myocardial infarction?

A

CK-MB

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46
Q

What is the substrate for ALP assays?

A

p-Nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP)

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47
Q

What is the purpose of adding N-acetyl cysteine in CK assays?

A

To stabilize CK by preventing oxidation of sulfhydryl groups

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48
Q

What enzyme is increased in liver cirrhosis but not in bone disorders?

A

GGT

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49
Q

Which ALP isoenzyme is present in pregnancy?

A

Placental ALP

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50
Q

What enzyme is used in forensic analysis of sexual assault cases?

A

Acid phosphatase (ACP)

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51
Q

Which enzyme is used in myocardial infarction diagnosis besides CK-MB?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)

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52
Q

What is the preferred method for measuring total CK activity?

A

Oliver Rosalki (reverse reaction)

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53
Q

Which CK isoenzyme is most electropositive?

A

CK-MM

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54
Q

Which CK isoenzyme is most electronegative?

A

CK-BB

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55
Q

What are the tissue sources of CK?

A

Skeletal muscle, heart, brain

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56
Q

Which LD isoenzyme is most abundant in normal serum?

A

LD-2

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57
Q

Which LD isoenzyme is associated with lung and lymphocytes?

58
Q

Which enzyme is highly unstable and should be processed within 48 hours?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)

59
Q

Which enzyme is measured in rape investigations?

A

Acid phosphatase (ACP)

60
Q

What is the reference method for CK isoenzyme measurement?

A

Electrophoresis

61
Q

What is the optimal pH for alkaline phosphatase activity?

62
Q

Which enzyme is the best marker for obstructive liver disease?

A

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

63
Q

Which enzyme is most elevated in acute viral hepatitis?

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

64
Q

Which enzyme is increased in hemolytic anemia?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD-1, LD-2)

65
Q

Which enzyme is inhibited by hemolysis due to adenylate kinase?

A

Creatine kinase (CK)

66
Q

Which enzyme is used in glucose metabolism and is deficient in hemolytic anemia?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD)

67
Q

Which enzyme is the most specific for the pancreas?

A

Lipase (LPS)

68
Q

Which enzyme is inhibited by tartrate in ACP assays?

A

Prostatic ACP

69
Q

Which enzyme is a hydrolase that breaks down starch?

A

Amylase (AMS)

70
Q

Which enzyme is most specific for liver function tests?

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

71
Q

What is measured in enzyme activity?

A

Increase in product formation, decrease in substrate concentration, decrease in coenzyme concentration, increase in altered coenzyme concentration

72
Q

Why is enzyme activity measured at zero-order kinetics?

A

Because the reaction is dependent on enzyme concentration and not substrate concentration

73
Q

What are the two methods of measuring enzyme activity?

A

Fixed-time (endpoint measurement) and Continuous monitoring (kinetic assay)

74
Q

What is the International Unit (IU) of enzyme activity?

A

The amount of enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of 1 μmol of substrate per minute under specified conditions

75
Q

Which enzymes are used as reagents in diagnostic tests?

A

Glucose oxidase, hexokinase, cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, uricase, lipase

76
Q

What are the major enzyme classifications?

A

Transferases, Hydrolases, Oxidoreductases, Lyases, Isomerases, Ligases

77
Q

Which creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme is associated with the brain?

A

CK-BB (CK-1)

78
Q

Which CK isoenzyme is most abundant in skeletal muscle?

A

CK-MM (CK-3)

79
Q

What is the significance of CK-MB elevation?

A

It indicates myocardial infarction (heart attack)

80
Q

Which CK isoenzyme moves the fastest in electrophoresis?

81
Q

What is the normal reference range of total CK for males?

A

46-171 U/L

82
Q

Which enzyme is a late marker for myocardial infarction?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)

83
Q

What is the most abundant LD isoenzyme in normal serum?

84
Q

What is an LD flipped pattern and what does it indicate?

A

LD-1 > LD-2; indicates myocardial infarction

85
Q

Which LD isoenzymes are elevated in liver disease?

A

LD-4 and LD-5

86
Q

What are the two methods for measuring LD activity?

A

Wacker (forward) and Wroblewski-La Due (reverse)

87
Q

Which enzyme is more specific for liver disease, AST or ALT?

A

ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)

88
Q

What is the optimal pH for AST measurement?

89
Q

What enzyme is the earliest to rise in myocardial infarction?

90
Q

What enzyme is associated with alcohol-induced liver disease?

A

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

91
Q

Which enzyme is more specific for hepatobiliary disease, ALP or GGT?

92
Q

What is the most heat-stable ALP isoenzyme?

A

Placental ALP

93
Q

What method is used to differentiate ALP isoenzymes?

A

Electrophoresis and heat stability tests

94
Q

What enzyme is elevated in Paget’s disease?

A

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

95
Q

Which ALP isoenzyme is most sensitive to heat denaturation?

96
Q

What enzyme is used in rape investigations?

A

Acid phosphatase (ACP)

97
Q

Which isoenzyme of ACP is inhibited by tartrate?

A

Prostatic ACP

98
Q

What enzyme is the most specific for acute pancreatitis?

A

Lipase (LPS)

99
Q

What is the diagnostic significance of amylase?

A

Elevated in acute pancreatitis and mumps

100
Q

Which amylase isoenzyme is found predominantly in urine?

A

P-type (pancreatic) amylase

101
Q

Which method for measuring amylase involves iodine and starch?

A

Amyloclastic method

102
Q

What condition shows increased amylase but normal lipase?

A

Mumps or parotitis

103
Q

What enzyme is involved in glucose metabolism and hemolysis disorders?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD)

104
Q

What is the optimal pH for acid phosphatase activity?

105
Q

Which enzyme is highly unstable and should be stored at room temperature?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)

106
Q

What enzyme increases in chronic alcoholism?

A

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

107
Q

Which method for CK measurement is most preferred?

A

Oliver Rosalki (reverse reaction)

108
Q

What enzyme is increased in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

Creatine kinase (CK-MM)

109
Q

What enzyme is involved in the transfer of amino groups?

A

Aminotransferases (AST and ALT)

110
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate esters at an alkaline pH?

A

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

111
Q

Which enzyme is inhibited by fluoride and mercury?

112
Q

What is the preferred specimen for enzyme assays?

A

Serum (red-top tube)

113
Q

What enzyme is more stable, amylase or lipase?

114
Q

Which LD isoenzyme is increased in pulmonary embolism?

115
Q

What enzyme shows a peak elevation at 12-24 hours in myocardial infarction?

116
Q

What is the substrate for ALP assays?

A

p-Nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP)

117
Q

What is the purpose of adding N-acetyl cysteine in CK assays?

A

To stabilize CK by preventing oxidation of sulfhydryl groups

118
Q

What enzyme is increased in liver cirrhosis but not in bone disorders?

119
Q

Which ALP isoenzyme is present in pregnancy?

A

Placental ALP

120
Q

What enzyme is used in forensic analysis of sexual assault cases?

A

Acid phosphatase (ACP)

121
Q

Which enzyme is used in myocardial infarction diagnosis besides CK-MB?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)

122
Q

What is the preferred method for measuring total CK activity?

A

Oliver Rosalki (reverse reaction)

123
Q

Which CK isoenzyme is most electropositive?

124
Q

Which CK isoenzyme is most electronegative?

125
Q

What are the tissue sources of CK?

A

Skeletal muscle, heart, brain

126
Q

Which LD isoenzyme is most abundant in normal serum?

127
Q

Which LD isoenzyme is associated with lung and lymphocytes?

128
Q

Which enzyme is highly unstable and should be processed within 48 hours?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)

129
Q

Which enzyme is measured in rape investigations?

A

Acid phosphatase (ACP)

130
Q

What is the reference method for CK isoenzyme measurement?

A

Electrophoresis

131
Q

What is the optimal pH for alkaline phosphatase activity?

132
Q

Which enzyme is the best marker for obstructive liver disease?

A

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

133
Q

Which enzyme is most elevated in acute viral hepatitis?

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

134
Q

Which enzyme is increased in hemolytic anemia?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD-1, LD-2)

135
Q

Which enzyme is inhibited by hemolysis due to adenylate kinase?

A

Creatine kinase (CK)

136
Q

Which enzyme is used in glucose metabolism and is deficient in hemolytic anemia?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD)

137
Q

Which enzyme is the most specific for the pancreas?

A

Lipase (LPS)

138
Q

Which enzyme is inhibited by tartrate in ACP assays?

A

Prostatic ACP

139
Q

Which enzyme is a hydrolase that breaks down starch?

A

Amylase (AMS)

140
Q

Which enzyme is most specific for liver function tests?

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

[CCHEM2 LEC] (3 decks)

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