Unit 2 - Development Dynamics Flashcards
What are the 3 indicators by which development can be measured by?
Economic, social and political
What are subsistence farmers?
Subsistence farmers are farmers who produce enough produce to feed themselves but not much more to sell
What is GDP, what type of factor is it and what is it measured in?
- GDP is gross domestic product - It’s an economic factor
- It’s the total goods and services produced by a country in US$
- Measured in purchasing power parity (ppp) which will tell you what the same amount will buy you in different countries
Name 2 other economic factors (other than GDP) and describe what they are
Poverty line
- The minimum amount of money required to meet someone’s basic needs
- The World Bank uses $1.90 per person per day
Measures of Inequality
- Shows how equally wealth is shared among the population
- It includes the percentage of GDP owned by the wealthiest 10% of the population and by the poorest 10%
How do you work out GDP per capita?
Divide the country’s GDP by the country’s population
Name and describe 2 examples of social indicators
Access to safe drinking water
- The percentage of the population with access to an improved water supply within 1km
Literacy rate
- The percentage of the population over the age of 15 who can read and write
How is HDI calculated?
By using the averages of life expectancy, literacy rate, GDP per capita and average length of schooling
How is corruption measured and what might invested money be used for in corrupt countries?
- The corruptions perceptions index was made to help investors work out where their money is safe
- It uses a scale from 0 to 100, the lower the score is, the more corrupt it is
- In corrupt countries, invested money might be used to bribe officials or to purchase weapons
Define birth rate
Number of live births per 1,000 people per year
Define death rate
Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
Define dependency ratio
- The number of people aged 0-14 and over 65 (outside working age) compared to the number of people who are between the ages 15-64 (working age) x 100
- The lower the ratio, the greater the number who work and are less dependent.
Define fertility rate
Average number of births per woman
Define infant mortality
The number of children per 1,000 live births who die before their first birthday
Define maternal mortality
Number of mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth
What is the Brandt report and what did it say?
- In 1980, the Brandt report was published by the then German Chancellor, William Brandt who identified 2 groups of countries - HICs (global north) and LICs (global south)
What is the ‘North-South Divide’ / ‘Development Gap’?
The inequalities between HICs and LICs / global north and global south
How were MICs formed in Latin America?
- In the 1980s, rapid development took place in Latin America.
- This created MICs such as Brazil and Chile.
- Large reserves of raw materials in these countries encouraged investment and growth and their cities experienced great increase in population
How were NICs formed in south-east Asia?
- In the 1990s, rapid development took place in countries of south-east Asia such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia.
- Growth was so aggressive that these countries became known as the ‘Asian tigers’. Most of this region is now called Newly Industrialising Countries / NICs
China and India are referred to as ____
- The most rapid has been the industrialisation of China and India.
- They are referred to as Recently Industrialising Countries / RICs. Together with Brazil and Russia, they’re known as the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China)
What 2 things have stayed the same since 1980 and the Brandt report?
- USA’s GDP still remains far higher than the rest
- In 1980, the 10 poorest countries were in sub-Saharan Africa and this is still true
What are the factors that are holding Malawi back?
It’s landlocked, it’s rurally isolated, it’s living with a changing climate, health problems
Describe how being landlocked is holding Malawi back
Malawi has no coastline which means it doesn’t have a port to import or export goods
- Reaching the coast involves going to Nacala in Mozambique along one slow 800 km single track railway.
→ The line is narrow gauge which limits the speed and weight on each train.
- This is a slow, expensive process
Describe how being rurally isolated is holding Malawi back
85% of Malawi’s population is rural and it has the highest percentage of rural population in the world
- Much of Malawi has poor infrastructure
- The roads are mainly dirt so it takes several hours to travel 20 km to local markets during the rainy season
- When they flood, farmers can be cut off
- Landlines services are slow so Malawi has started to use mobile technology
→ By 2019, Malawi had only 14,350 landlines (1 per 1,400 people) but 2.7 million internet users
- Mobile ownership is growing rapidly, from 1 million in 2007 to 10 million by 2019.
How is living with a changing climate holding Malawi back?
Oxfam published a report named ‘Africa - up in smoke’ and it showed that climate change would affect Africa more than anywhere else, causing:
→ Water shortages as temperatures rise (increasing evaporation)
→ Food shortages caused by variable rainfall and increased drought
- Rainfall in Malawi has been much lower since 2000 compared to the twentieth century and the rainy season has been shorter
→ This means that rivers have dried up and crop yields have fallen
- However, when rains do arrive, they are intense - in 2012, heavy rains reduced Malawi’s maize harvest by 7% and 10,000 families were made homeless by flooding
