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Sociology > Unit 2: Culture, Identity, and Socialisation > Flashcards

Unit 2: Culture, Identity, and Socialisation Flashcards

Key Terms

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ture

Norms/values

A

values - standards shared by memebers of a culture and used to judge whether behavious is wrong or right
norms - the behaviosu that societies expect of their members in particular situations

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2
Q

Adolescence

A

the period of growing up between childhood and adulthood

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3
Q

Adulthood

A

when an individual is accepted by their culture as a full member

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4
Q

Age/age groups

A

age groups - ways in which people of the same or similar age share a staus and associated roles

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5
Q

Agencies of Socialisation

A

institutions in which people are socialised

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6
Q

Belief

A

statements that people hold to be true

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7
Q

Child-centred

A

a society in which children are higlhy valued and a lot of time and effort are devoted to their well being

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8
Q

Childhood

A

the period before adulthood, in which individuals are not granted full adult rights

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9
Q

Coercion

A

the use or threat of force or violence

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10
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

considering all cultures on their own terms rather than from a western point of view

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11
Q

Culture

A

the way of life in a society

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12
Q

Customs

A

norms in a particular society that are widely accepted and carry on over time

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13
Q

Diversity

A

where there are many differences; cultural diversity refers ot the vast differences between human cultures

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14
Q

Elderly

A

belonging ot the age group of those advanced in years

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15
Q

Ethnic Minority

A

an ethnic group that is relatively small in number compared with the majority in a soicety and is seen as different

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16
Q

Femininity/masculinity

A

masculinity - the expected behavious associated with being male
femininity - the expected behaviour associated with being female

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17
Q

Feral Children

A

‘wild’ children who have not been socialised

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18
Q

Gender/sex

A

gender - the roles and expectations associated with being male or female
sex - being male or female (based on biological indicators such as XX and XY chromosomes)

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19
Q

Globalisation/global culture

A

globalisation - the complex process by which different cultures around the world are increasingly aware off, interact with, and influence each other
global culture - the idea that as a reulst of globalisation there is or will be a single culture shared by people all around the world

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20
Q

Hidden Curriculum

A

what pupils learn in schools apart from the content of their lessons, such as the importance of following rules and the consequences of not doing so

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21
Q

Imitation

A

young children learning by copying the behaviour of others

22
Q

Inadequate Socialisation

A

when socialisation is incomplete or ineffective

23
Q

Laws

A

rules that are given force by being formalised by governments

24
Q

Lifestyle

A

the typical way of life of an individual, group or culture

25
Q

Manipulation/canalisation

A

manipulation - how parents and other encourage some behaviour and discourage other behaviour
canalisation - channeling children towards activites that are considered appropriate for them (for example, because of their gender)

26
Q

Multicultural Society

A

a society in which many different cultures or sub sultures exist alongside each other

27
Q

Nature/nurture

A

nature - the influence of biological factors on human behaviour in the nature/nurture debate
nurture - the influence of society and culture on human behaviour in the nature/nurture debate

28
Q

Ostracism

A

excluding someone from the community or group

29
Q

Peer Group

A

peopel of the same status - for eg they are of the same age

30
Q

Peer Pressure

A

the influence that a peer group has to force to persuade its memebers to conform

31
Q

Primary Socialisation

A

the first and most important period of socialisation in which the individual learns the basic norms and behaviour
fro mthe age of 0-5

32
Q

Rewards/sanctions

A

rewards - a positive sanction so that someone is praised or better off
sanctions - ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptabke behaviour, usually used in the sense of punishment (negative sanctions)

33
Q

Role

A

the patterns of behavious expected of someone because of their status in society

34
Q

Role Conflict

A

when someone finds that the demands of two or more of their roles clash with each other

35
Q

Role Modellng

A

acting as an example so that this behaviour is copied by others

36
Q

Secondary Socialisation

A

later socialisation; usually involving learning more specific norms for particular statuses and roles

37
Q

Social Class

A

a form of social stratification in which people are grouped at different levels in the social hierarchy, the most common of which are the upper, middle, working classes

38
Q

Social Conformity

A
39
Q

Social Construction

A

the idea that social situations and events are cosntructed - made - by societies: they do not exist in nature as independant things

40
Q

Social control/formal and informal

A

social control - ways in which memebers of society are made to conform to norms and values
informal - excercised by individuals and groups that do not have any official power to do so - for eg peer groups
formal - by someone who ahs authority over a situation - teacher, employer, or police officer

41
Q

Social Identity

A

individuals perception of themselves, based partly on ideas about how others see them

42
Q

Social Institutions

A

parts of society that have their own sets of norms and values such as the family and the school system

43
Q

Social Interaction

A

any situation in which two ro more people have social contact with each other

44
Q

Social order

A

the ways in which societies and their institutions remain stable over time

45
Q

Status (achieved/ascribed/master)

A

status - a position that someone has in a society; status can be ascribed - fixed at birth due to religion culture, socio economic conditions, it is given to you - or achieved - you earn ti yourself by your actions and merit - or master - the most important status you have that makes up most of your identity

46
Q

Stereotype

A

the attributes that peopel think (often wrongly) characterise a group

47
Q

Sub-culture

A

a group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values

48
Q

Value Consensus

A

general agreement with norms and social expectations

49
Q

Youth Sub-culture

A

a sub sulture of adolescents or young adults that is usually distinguishable by their style, dress, and musical preference

50
Q

Ethnicity/Race

A

ethnicity refers ot cultural differences such as language and religion as well as place of origin
race refers to supposed biological differences between different groups of people

Sociology (5 decks)

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