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Human Histology > Unit 2: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Unit 2: Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Which tissue is the most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and structurally varied?

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Provides structural and metabolic support and participates in defense and immune reactions

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3
Q

How do connective tissues vary?

A

In structure, function, and their content of cells and ECM

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4
Q

What kind of cells make up connective tissue?

A

“Stromal” cells - resident cells and transient cells

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5
Q

What makes up the ECM of connective tissue?

A

Protein fibers, ground substance

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6
Q

What kind of protein fibers are found in the ECM of connective tissue?

A

Collagen fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers

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7
Q

What is ground substance in the ECM of connective tissue?

A

Amorphous mixture of proteins and carbohydrates with variable amounts of salts and H2O

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8
Q

What are resident cells? What are the types?

A

Consistently present and consistent number

• Fibroblast / Fibrocyte
• Adipocyte
• CT specific cells (Chondrocyte, Osteocyte, etc…)
• Macrophage
• Mast cell

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9
Q

What are transient cells? What are the types?

A

Fluctuation in presence

• Plasma cell
• Lymphocyte
• Basophil
• Eosinophil
• Neutrophil

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10
Q

What connective tissue cells are hematopoietic in origin?

A

Resident cells: macrophages, mast cells
All transient cells

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11
Q

What is a fibroblast? What organelles does it contain?

A

Principle cell type of most connective tissue
Rich in rER & Golgi (↑ ECM protein synthesis)

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12
Q

Is a fibroblast active/inactive?

A

Active

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13
Q

How does a fibroblast stain?

A

Large, prominent, oval, pale staining nucleus

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14
Q

What is a fibrocyte? What organelles does it contain?

A

Minimal, acidophilic cytoplasm containing
Minimal rER & Golgi (↓ECM protein synthesis)
May be recruited following injury to regenerate fibroblast population

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15
Q

Is a fibrocyte active/inactive?

A

Inactive

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16
Q

How does a fibroblast stain?

A

Smaller darker, elongated nucleus

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17
Q

What kind of adipocytes are there?

A

White adipose, brown adipose

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18
Q

What does white adipose look like?

A

Large polyhedral or spherical cells
Contain a single lipid droplet per cell
Flattened, peripheral nucleus

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19
Q

What does white adipose provide?

A

Energy, insulation, protection, hormone production

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20
Q

What does brown adipose look like?

A

Smaller polygonal cells
Contain multiple lipid droplets per cell

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21
Q

What does brown adipose provide?

A

Abundant in newborns, limited distribution in adults
Used to generate heat

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22
Q

What is the origin of immune cells

A

Multipotent hematopoietic stem cell origin

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23
Q

What is the immune response of macrophages?

A

phagocytosis of bacteria or debris

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24
Q

What is the immune response of mast cells?

A

responses to allergens that bind IgE, secrete heparin, histamine, inflammatory mediators

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25
Q

What is the immune response of plasma cells?

A

Produce antibodies

26
Q

What is the immune response of lymphocytes?

A

B and T cells involved in innate & acquired immunity

27
Q

What is the immune response of basophils?

A

secrete heparin, histamine, inflammatory mediators

28
Q

What is the immune response of eosinophils?

A

Anti-microbial

29
Q

What is the immune response of neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis of bacteria or debris

30
Q

How does the ECM function as an adhesive substrate?

A

Tracks to direct migratory cells
Concentration gradients for hapotatic migration

31
Q

How does the ECM provide structure?

A

Defines tissue boundaries
Provides integrity and elasticity to developing organs
Degraded by invasive cells during development and disease

32
Q

How does the ECM present growth factors to their receptors?

A

Controls spatial distribution of ECM-bound surface molecules
Facilitates crosstalk between growth factor receptors and ECM receptors

33
Q

How does the ECM sequester and store growth factors?

A

Allows for spatio-temporal regulation of factor release
Organizes morphogen gradients
Mediates release of factors in the presence of appropriate cell-mediated forces of proteolytic degradation

34
Q

How does the ECM sense and transduce mechanical signals?

A

Defines mechanical properties permissive/instructive to cell differentiation
Activates intracellular signaling through interaction with cell-surface receptors
Engages cytoskeletal machinery and synergizes with growth factor signaling

35
Q

How many types of collagen are there and how?

A

29 different types of collagen via configuration of 42 types of α chains

36
Q

What do collagen fibers provide?

A

strong, flexible, and high tensile strength

37
Q

How much of the body is made of collagen

A

Make up 25% of all protein in the human body

38
Q

What are collagen fibers composed of?

A

subunits called collagen fibrils…
• that are composed of collagen molecules…
• which are composed of polypeptide triple helix α chains

39
Q

What are the types of collagen organization?

A

Fibrillar collagen
Sheet collagen

40
Q

How do fibrillar collagen organize?

A

Extracellularly, collagen molecules align to form long fibrils
• Monomers associate head to tail in overlapping, staggered rows

41
Q

How do sheet collagen organize?

A

Extracellularly, collagen molecules align form a meshwork
• Monomers associate head-to-head & tail to tail Form a meshwork, not a fibril

42
Q

What is the composition of reticular fibers?

A

composed of type III collagen fibrils (3 α1 chains)

43
Q

What are reticular fibers like in comparison to collagen?

A

are thinner (20nm vs up to 300nm) compared to collagen fibers

44
Q

How do reticular fibers appear?

A

branched, forming a meshwork-like configuration, and usually not bundled

45
Q

How do reticular fibers appear during staining?

A

Are not visible in H&E preparations, but stain with PAS (associated glycoproteins) and silver salts

46
Q

Where are reticular fibers found?

A

organs with abundant spaces:
• Liver, lymph nodes, and spleen

47
Q

What is the composition of elastic fibers?

A

composed of a central elastin core
• Elastin protein molecular structure allows for random coiling of the fiber
• Fibrillin glycoprotein acts as a substrate for the assembly of elastin proteins into an elastin core

48
Q

What are elastic fibers like in comparison to collagen?

A

thinner and interwoven compared to collagen fibers

49
Q

What is the purpose of elastic fibers?

A

branched and stretch and limit tissue tearing
• Allow structures such as blood vessels to stretch and relax

50
Q

What is ground substance?

A

viscous substance of high-water content that occupies the space between cells and fibers

51
Q

What does ground substance contain?

A

mixture of proteins and carbohydrates with variable amounts of salts

52
Q

What are the components of ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Proteoglycans (PG)
Multiadhesive glycoproteins (MAPs)

53
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

most abundant heteropolysaccharide components of ground substance

54
Q

How are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) charged? How does this contribute to staining?

A

Negatively charged (hydrophilic and stain with basic dyes) due to sugar sulfate and carboxyl groups

55
Q

How are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) bound? What is the exception?

A

most are post-translationally linked/bound to core proteins forming proteoglycans

Hyaluronan is an exception and presents as an extremely long free carbohydrate chain
attract water forming hydro-gels

56
Q

What are Proteoglycans (PG)?

A

GAGs covalently bound to core proteins which facilitate ECM and cell-ECM organization

57
Q

What are Multiadhesive Glycoproteins (MAPs)?

A

Small group of proteins facilitate ECM stabilization via binding sites for a variety of ECM proteins.

58
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose connective tissue (fewer fibers, more ground substance)
Dense connective tissue (more fibers, less ground substance)

59
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

60
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

A

Regular
Irregular
Elastic

Human Histology (6 decks)

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