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Psychology > Unit 2 / Chpt. 3 - Perception & Sensation > Flashcards

Unit 2 / Chpt. 3 - Perception & Sensation Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system. Biological process.

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2
Q

Perception

A

The process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world. Your interpretation of the world.

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3
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The minimal amount of energy that can produce a sensation.
-For example, the absolute threshold for light would be the minimum brightness (physical energy) required to activate the visual sensory system.

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4
Q

What are the absolute thresholds for vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch?

A
  • Vision: a candle flame viewed from about 30 miles on a clear, dark night.
  • Hearing: a watch ticking from about 20 feet away in a quiet room.
  • Taste: 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water.
  • Smell: about one drop of perfume diffused throughout a small house (1 part in 500 million).
  • Touch: the pressure of the wing of a fly falling on a cheek from a distance of about 0.4 inch.
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5
Q

What are Feature Detectors?

A

Neurons in the sensory cortex that fire in response to specific features of sensory information such as lines or edges of objects.

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6
Q

What is the Optic Nerve?

A

The nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain.

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7
Q

What is Perceptual Organization?

A

The tendency to integrate perceptual elements into meaningful patterns.

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8
Q

What are the Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization?

A
  • Proximity
  • Similarity
  • Continuity
  • Connectedness
  • Closure
  • Figure-Ground
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9
Q

What is Proximity?

A

Nearness. The perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another.

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10
Q

What is Similarity?

A

The perceptual tendency to group together objects that are similar in appearance.

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11
Q

What is Continuity?

A

The tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity.

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12
Q

What is Closure?

A

Related to principle of good continuation, there is
a tendency to close simple figures, independent of continuity or similarity. This results in a effect of filling in missing information or organising information which is present to make a whole.

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13
Q

What is Connectedness?

A

Elements that are connected by uniform visual properties are perceived as being more related than elements that are not connected.

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14
Q

What is Figure-Ground?

A

Describes the tendency of the visual system to simplify a scene into the main object that we are looking at (the figure) and everything else that forms the background (or ground).

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15
Q

Figure-Ground is always in?

A

Every perception.

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16
Q

What is Top-Down Processing?

A

The use of contextual information or knowledge of a pattern to organize parts of the pattern.
-ex: having the box when putting a puzzle together. You have the complete picture. You use the larger pattern to guide subordinate perceptual motor tasks such as hunting for particular pieces.

17
Q

What is Bottom-Up Processing?

A

The organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize, or form an image of, the pattern they compose.
-ex: not having the box when putting a puzzle together. You begin with bits and pieces of information and become aware of the pattern formed only after you have worked at it for a while.

18
Q

What is Depth Perception?

A
  • Important part of any process.
  • Biological. Involves Monocular and Binocular cues.
  • Allows us to judge distance.
  • Not born with it. Develop around 6 mo.
  • Not the same every place around the world.
19
Q

What are Monocular Cues?

A

Stimuli suggestive of depth that can be perceived with only one eye.

20
Q

List the Monocular Cues.

A
  • Texture Gradient
  • Linear Perspective
  • Interposition (Superposition)
  • Relative Clarity (Aerial Perspective)
  • Relative Height
  • Shadowing
  • Motion Parallax
21
Q

What is Interposition?

A

A monocular cue for depth based on the fact that a nearby object obscures a more distant object behind it.

22
Q

What is Shadowing?

A

A monocular cue for depth based on the fact that opaque objects block light and produce shadows.

23
Q

What is Texture Gradient?

A

A monocular cue for depth based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher (more detailed) surfaces.

24
Q

What is Motion Parallax?

A

A monocular cue for depth based on the perception that nearby objects appear to move more rapidly in relation to our own motion.

25
Q

What are Binocular Cues?

A

Stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both eyes. Both are internal cues.

26
Q

List the two Binocular Cues.

A
  • Retinal Disparity

- Convergence

27
Q

What is Retinal Disparity?

A

A binocular cue for depth based on the difference in the image cast by an object on the retinas of the eyes as the object moves closer or farther away.
-ex: Magic Eye Images

28
Q

What is Convergence?

A

A binocular cue for depth based on the inward movement of the eyes as they attempt to focus on an object that is drawing nearer.
-ex: View Master Toy

29
Q

What is the Auditory Nerve?

A

The axon bundle that transmits neural impulses from the organ of Corti to the brain.

30
Q

What is the Olfactory Nerve?

A

The nerve that transmits information concerning odors from olfactory receptors to the brain.

31
Q

What is the Kinesthetic Sense?

A

Kinesthesis is the sensation of body position and movement. It relies on sensory organs in the joints, tendons, and muscles.

32
Q

What is the Vestibular Sense?

A

The sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies’ positions relative to gravity.

33
Q

What is a Visual Illusion?

A

Demonstrate the differences between visual perception and reality.

Psychology (9 decks)

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