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AP Human Geography > Unit 2: Chapters 2 and 3 Vocab Terms > Flashcards

Unit 2: Chapters 2 and 3 Vocab Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Selective Immigration

A

Process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds (i.e. criminal records, poor health, or subversive activities) are barred from immigrating

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2
Q

Remittances

A

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

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3
Q

Transhumance

A

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures ex. Switzerland farmers drive cattle up mountain slopes to high fresh pastures during the summer and farm families follow the herds taking up residence in cottages that are abandoned during the cold winter, or attending college

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4
Q

Refugees

A

People who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country

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5
Q

Activity Spaces

A

cyclic movement- the space with daily activities occur

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6
Q

Islands of Development

A

Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

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7
Q

International Migration

A

Human movement involving movement across international borders ex. people from India moving to the U.S

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8
Q

Distance decay

A

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the diseases the less interaction

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9
Q

Population Composition

A

Structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status

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10
Q

Chronic or Degenerative Diseases

A

Generally long lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancy

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11
Q

Eugenic Population Policies

A

Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others; example: Nazi Germany

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12
Q

Guest Workers

A

Legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term

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13
Q

Arithmetic Population Density

A

The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit

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14
Q

Colonization

A

Physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and wither moving its own people into place or bringing in indentures outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

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15
Q

Voluntary Migration

A

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move

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16
Q

Nomadism

A

Movement among a definite set of places- often cyclic

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17
Q

Dot Mas

A

Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population

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18
Q

AIDS

A

Immune system disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which over a period of years weaken the capacity of the immune system to fight off infection so that weight loss and weakens set in and other afflictions such as cancer or pneumonia may hasten an infected person’s demise

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19
Q

Military Service

A

Periodic movement- involving as many as 10 million U.S citizens in a given year, including military personnel and their families, who are moved to new locations where they will spend tours of duty lasting up to several years

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20
Q

Deportation

A

The act of a government sending a migrant out of its country and back to the migrant’s home country

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21
Q

Internally Displaces Persons

A

People who have been displaces within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee Example: Victims of hurricane Katrina

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22
Q

Forced migration

A

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate

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23
Q

Laws of Migration

A

Developed by Ernst Ravenstien, they predict the flow of migrants. 1. every migration flow generates a return or counter-migration, 2. the majority of migrants move a short distance, 3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations, 4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas, 5. families are less likely to move international moves than young adults

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24
Q

Population Distributions

A

Description of locations on the Earth’s surface where populations live

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25
Q

Population explosion

A

The rapid growth of the world’s human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase

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26
Q

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

A

A figure that descirbes the number of babies that will die within the first year of their lives in a given population

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27
Q

Russtification

A

The Soviet policy to promote the diffusion of Russian culture throughout the republics of the former Soviet Union

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28
Q

Quotas

A

Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year

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29
Q

Zero population growth

A

A state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births

30
Q

Explorers

A

A person examing a region that is unkown to them

31
Q

Genocide

A

Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group

32
Q

Population Pyramids

A

Visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each are group (generally 5 year increments) is represented by a horizontal bar the length of which represents its relationship to the total population. The males in each age group are represented to the left of the center line; the females are represented to the right of the center line

33
Q

Immigration Laws

A

Laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state

34
Q

Genetic or Inherited Diseases

A

Diseases caused by variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in a human

35
Q

Stationary Population levels

A

The level at which a national population ceases to grow

36
Q

Regional Scale

A

Interactions occurring within a region, in a regional setting

37
Q

Restrictive Population Policies

A

Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase; example: China’s one-child policy

38
Q

Asylum

A

Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state

39
Q

Migrant Labor

A

Periodic movement- A common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers in the U.S. and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances. Ex. need migrant labor in farm fields in Cali, and Florida, etc

40
Q

Step migration

A

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example from farm to nearby village and later to town and city

41
Q

Aging index

A

The number of people 65 years and older per 100 children aged 0-14 years in a given population

42
Q

Expansive Population Policies

A

Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth; example: paid maternity leave

43
Q

Infectious Diseases

A

Diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Infectious diseases diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human

44
Q

Population Density

A

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

45
Q

Reverse Remittances

A

Money sent from family and friends from the migrants home country to the migrant

46
Q

Push factors

A

Negative conditions ans perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale

47
Q

Megalopolis

A

Term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world; formerly used specifically with an uppercase “M” to refer to the Boston-Washington multi-metropolitan corridor on the northeastern seaboard of the United States, but now used generically with a lower-case “m” as a synonym for conurbation

48
Q

Gravity model

A

A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective place and the distance between them

49
Q

Periodic Movement

A

Movement- for example, college attendance, or military service- that involves temporary , recurrent location

50
Q

Child Mortality Rate

A

A figure that descirbes the number of children that will die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population

51
Q

Chain Migration

A

Pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through Kinship links. Example: one migrant settles in a place and communicates to describe this place to family and friends who in turn then migrate there

52
Q

Demographic Transition

A

Multistage model, based on Western Europe’s experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization. High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; this is followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level

53
Q

Internal migration

A

human movement within a nation-state, such as ongoingly westward and southward movements in the U.S. ex. Moving from Cali to Washington

54
Q

Demography

A

The study of population in general perspective, and population geographers work i tandem with demographers, seeking answers to the problems posed by these variations

55
Q

Pull Factors

A

Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas

56
Q

Doubling Time

A

The time required for a population to double in size

57
Q

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

A

The number of births yearly per thousand people in a population

58
Q

Repatriation

A

A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization

59
Q

Physiologic Population Density

A

The number of people per unit area of arable land

60
Q

Natural increase

A

Population growth measures as the excess of live births over deaths. Natural increase of a population does not reflect on either emigrant or immigrant movements

61
Q

Cyclic Movement

A

Movement- for example, nomadic migration- that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally

62
Q

Kinship Links

A

Types of push and pull factors that influence a migrant’s decision to go where family or friends have already found success

63
Q

intervening oppurtunity

A

The presence of a newer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

64
Q

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

A

The number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population

65
Q

Immigration Wave

A

Phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination

66
Q

Commuting

A

Cyclic movement- journey to work and home again

67
Q

Immigration

A

the act of a person migrating into a new country or area

68
Q

Global-scale migration

A

Migration that takes place across international boundaries and between world regions

69
Q

Total fertility rate (TFR)

A

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years

70
Q

Endemic

A

A disease the is particular to a locality or region

71
Q

Life Expectancy

A

A figure indicating how long on average, a person may be expected to live. Normally expressed in the context of a particular state

72
Q

Migration

A

A change in residence intended to be permanent. See also chain, forced, internal, international, step and voluntary migration

AP Human Geography (8 decks)

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