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A&P Lecture > Unit 2 / Chapter 4 / Histology > Flashcards

Unit 2 / Chapter 4 / Histology Flashcards

Histology

1
Q

The study of the normal structure of tissues.

A

Histology

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2
Q

What is the MAJOR tissue type?

Coverings and linings, skin, sheets of cells on top of basement membrane, edges face air or fluid

A

Epithelium

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3
Q

What is the MAJOR tissue type?

Holds tissues together, bind, support, protect, allows transport, fibers, goo

A

Connective

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4
Q

What is the MAJOR tissue type?

Movement, contracts to generate force, skeletal, cardiac, smooth

A

Muscular

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5
Q

What is the MAJOR tissue type?

Information, communication, conduction of electrical impulses, also cells which support the information cells’ function

A

Nervous

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6
Q

Type of junction:
Impermeable; no passage of macromolecules between cells.
Ex: BBB - blood brain barrier

A

Tight Junction

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7
Q

Type of junction:

Resist mechanical stress, but ECM molecules can pass between cells. Ex: skin cells in epidermis

A

Desmosomes

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8
Q

Type of junction:
Small pores in protein channels. Allows free passage of small substances between the cytosol of 2 cells.
Ex: cardiac muscle

A

Gap Junction

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9
Q

Epithelium type:
Function: Absorption, secretion, filtration (gas exchange), production of fluid in serous membranes
Location: air sacs of lungs, serous membranes, kidney glomeruli, endothelial lining of vessels.

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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10
Q

Epithelium type:

Flat cells with central nucleus, 1 layer

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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11
Q

Epithelium type:
Function: secretion and absorption
Location: kidney tubules, ducts of glands, thyroid, respiratory

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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12
Q

Epithelium type:

1 layer, cells are as tall as wide, square appearing with large central nucleus

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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13
Q

Epithelium type:
Function: absorption, secretion, also propulsion where ciliated
Location: stomach, small intestine, colon, gallbladder, kidney tubules, uterine tube
Specialized features: microvilli, cilia, goblet cells

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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14
Q

Epithelium type:

1 layer, cells taller than wide, nuclei toward base

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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15
Q

Epithelium type:
Function: protection from mechanical stress, microbes, (skin: also dehydration)
Location: skin (keratinized);
mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, vagina (nonkeratinized)

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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16
Q

Epithelium type:

More than 1 layer, flat, stacked cells, round w/ nuclei near basement membrane, flatter near surface

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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17
Q

Epithelium type:
Function: cilia for propulsion, secretion, goblet cells produce mucus
Location: respiratory tract: nasal, tracheal; also portion of male urethra

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (PCCE)

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18
Q

Epithelium type:

1 layer, looks like more, closely packed columnar cells, nuclei at different heights, goblet cells

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (PCCE)

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19
Q

Epithelium type:
Function: stretch/distensibility - cells look more flat when structure that they line is distended.
Location: urinary tract from renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

A

Transitional Epithelium

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20
Q

Epithelium type:

squamous-to-cuboidal (multiple cell layers, so stratified)

A

Transitional Epithelium

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21
Q

Structures which forms and secretes a product.

A

Glands

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22
Q

Structure that secretes products to the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine Glands

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23
Q

Structure that releases products to epithelial surface or into ducts.

A

Exocrine Glands

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24
Q

Exocrine Gland:

Unicellular and releases mucus to digestive and respiratory tracts.

A

Goblet Cell

25
Q

Exocrine Gland:
Multicellular, most glands, including salivary and sweat, cell products in secretory vesicles, cell survives, water, salty

A

Merocrine Gland

26
Q

Exocrine Gland:
Multicellular, sebaceous glands, products releases into cytosol, cell dies to release product, mitosis to replace dying cells

A

Holocrine Gland

27
Q

Cells of connective tissue proper:

Produce the protein fibers and extracellular matrix

A

Fibroblasts

28
Q

Cells of connective tissue proper:

Fat cells

A

Adipocytes

29
Q

Cells of connective tissue proper:

Immune response, produce inflammatory mediators such as histamine

A

Mast Cells

30
Q

Cells of connective tissue proper:

Consume dead and tying tissue

A

Phagocytes

31
Q

Connective tissue proper type:

  • appearance: Webs of fibers
  • location(s): Underneath epithelium, serosa, walls of hollow organs
  • special functions: support of blood vessels, diffusion to epithelium
  • specialized cells: fibroblasts dominate; lots of immune cells
A

Loose Fibrous (Areolar) Connective Tissue

32
Q

Connective tissue proper type:

  • appearance: orderly packed, nearly parallel fibers
  • location(s): tendons and ligaments
  • special functions: distributes tension in one direction
  • specialized cells: fibroblasts
A

Dense Fibrous Regular Connective Tissue

33
Q

Connective tissue proper type:

  • appearance: swirly clustered bundles of fibers
  • location(s): dermis; capsules of joints and organs
  • special functions: distributes tension in all 3 planes
  • specialized cells: fibroblasts
A

Dense Fibrous Irregular Connective Tissue

34
Q

Connective tissue proper type:

  • appearance: Wavy purple staining fibers (elastin) + random collagen
  • location(s): large blood vessels, some ligaments
  • special functions: stretch
  • specialized cells:
A

Elastic Connective Tissue

35
Q

Connective tissue proper type:

  • appearance: Dark vines (type III collagen)
  • location(s): lymph nodes, spleen bone marrow, liver, basement membranes
  • special functions: provides structure inside organs
A

Reticular Connective Tissue

36
Q

Connective tissue proper type:
-appearance: “marshmallows”
Nucleus is pushed off to side. Large vacuole on slide is empty; held triglycerides
-location(s): deep to skin in the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, hips, breasts; also visceral
Note: the “brown fat” seen in children contains abundant mitochondria
-special functions: insulation, warmth, shock absorption, protection, energy reserve
-specialized cells: adipocyte

A

Adipose Connective Tissue

37
Q

Specialized connective tissue type:
-appearance: glasslike matrix. The cells are often seen in pairs, look like “owl eyes.”
-location(s): articular surfaces, rib attachments, nose, respiratory tubes
-special functions: shock absorption
-specialized cells: chondrocytes
++Note that cartilage is avascular, and gets its blood supply from the perichondrium, at the edge of the tissue.

A 
Hyaline Cartilage
(simplest case for cartilage)
38
Q

Specialized connective tissue type:

  • appearance: slender purplish staining elastic fibers + glassy matrix and chondrocytes
  • location(s): External ear and epiglottis/portions of larynx
  • special functions: flexibility, can vibrate
  • specialized cells: chondrocytes
A

Elastic Cartilage

hyaline cartilage + elastic fibers

39
Q

Specialized connective tissue type:

  • appearance: stringy fibers + glassy matrix and chondrocytes
  • location(s): fibrous joints - pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, articular discs (menisci, TFC of wrist)
  • special functions: tensile strength and elasticity
  • specialized cells: chondrocytes and fibroblasts
A

Fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage + collagen fibers

40
Q

Specialized connective tissue type:
-appearance: “tree ring” or “onion slice” appearance of compact bone
-location(s): skeleton
-special functions: support, protection onf vital organs, muscle attachment sites, calcium storage, hematopoietic marrow
-specialized cells:
Osteoblasts: bone building cells at the edges
Osteocytes: mature osteoblasts now trapped in the rings of bone matrix
Osteoclasts: resorb and destroy at the edges

A

Bone

41
Q

Specialized connective tissue type:

  • appearance: suspension of about 45% cells, 99% of which are red blood cells. Plasma is the extracellular fluid here, water with dissolved salts and proteins.
  • location(s): inside vessels
  • special functions: O2/CO2 exchange, waste removal, also immunity, clotting
  • specialized cells: erythrocytes, white blood cells and platelets.
A

Blood

42
Q

Muscular Tissue:

  • appearance: striated, parallel fibers. Eccentric nuclei.
  • location(s): skeleton (trunk, limbs, face)
  • special functions: voluntary control
  • specialized cells: myocyte
A

Skeletal Muscle

43
Q

Muscular Tissue:
-appearance: striated, branched; shorter and thicker than skeletal muscle. 1-2 nuclei per cell, eccentric
-location(s): heart only
-special functions: involuntary; electrical/contractile
-feature: intercalated discs
(desmosome + modified tight junction)

A

Cardiac Muscle

44
Q

Muscular Tissue:
-appearance: smooth spindle shaped cells with central nuclei (long tapered cells)
-location(s): walls of hollow organs, blood vessels; certain
structures in the eye, also in skin and ducts of some glands.
-special functions: involuntary
-specialized cells: gap junctions in plasma membrane

A

Smooth Muscle

45
Q

Identify where in the body nervous tissue can be found

A

Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system: cranial and spinal nerves.

46
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Neurons: the information cell; the “gray matter” of the brain and spinal cord.

47
Q

What are the structural characteristics of a Neuron and the function of these structures?

A

Cell body (soma) – mature cells. Amitotic. Conducts
nerve impulses.
Processes: multiple dendrites (incoming), single axon
(outbound)
Appearance: Polygonal in shape, single central nucleus,
several processes

48
Q

What are the functions of Neuroglial cells?

A

Neuroglial cells: Functions to support the neuron, don’t carry information. These do undergo mitosis
Functions include: anchoring neurons and vessels in place, making and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), insulation of axons, immune surveillance

49
Q

Thin sheet of 1 or more tissues lining a body surface or cavity is a ____________________.

A

Membrane

which is an organ

50
Q

“True” membranes:
Line pleural, peritoneal, pericardial cavities
Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) + basement membrane + loose CT
Produces serous fluid (thin, lubricating)
Visceral portion covers organ, parietal portion lines the space.

A

Serous Membrane

51
Q

“True” membranes:
Lines cavity of synovial joints
2 layers of modified fibroblasts (synoviocytes) + loose connective tissue
Outside is dense irregular CT, the joint capsule.

A

Synovial Membrane

52
Q

“Membrane-like structures”:
All body passages open to the outside (respiratory, digestive, urogenital)
Epithelia + basement membrane, with loose CT underneath.
Contains mucus secreting glands.

A

Mucous Membrane

53
Q

“Membrane-like structures”:
Skin
Epidermis is avascular: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis: papillary (upper) portion is loose CT; reticular (lower) portion is dense irregular
CT

A

Cutaneous Membrane

54
Q

How does Epithelium tissue generally repair?

A

typically regenerates

55
Q

How does Connective tissue generally repair?

A

CT proper, bone and blood: regenerate

Cartilage: fibrosis (chondrocytes with limited capacity to divide). * blood supply

56
Q

How does Nervous tissue generally repair?

A

Neurons do not undergo mitosis (amitotic); develop fibrotic scarring from glial cells.
If the cell body of the neuron remains intact, a damaged axon outside of the brain or spinal cord may regenerate.

57
Q

Describe the process of regeneration.

A

Damaged or dead cells replaced with cells of the same type. Usually complete return of function.

58
Q

Explain the process of fibrosis.

A

Scar tissue formation composed of dense irregular CT

Fibroblasts mitotically divide to produce collagen to fill a defect. Tissue does not regain full functional ability.

A&P Lecture (2 decks)

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