Unit 2 / Chapter 4 / Histology Flashcards

Histology

1
Q

The study of the normal structure of tissues.

A

Histology

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2
Q

What is the MAJOR tissue type?

Coverings and linings, skin, sheets of cells on top of basement membrane, edges face air or fluid

A

Epithelium

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3
Q

What is the MAJOR tissue type?

Holds tissues together, bind, support, protect, allows transport, fibers, goo

A

Connective

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4
Q

What is the MAJOR tissue type?

Movement, contracts to generate force, skeletal, cardiac, smooth

A

Muscular

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5
Q

What is the MAJOR tissue type?

Information, communication, conduction of electrical impulses, also cells which support the information cells’ function

A

Nervous

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6
Q

Type of junction:
Impermeable; no passage of macromolecules between cells.
Ex: BBB - blood brain barrier

A

Tight Junction

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7
Q

Type of junction:

Resist mechanical stress, but ECM molecules can pass between cells. Ex: skin cells in epidermis

A

Desmosomes

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8
Q

Type of junction:
Small pores in protein channels. Allows free passage of small substances between the cytosol of 2 cells.
Ex: cardiac muscle

A

Gap Junction

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9
Q

Epithelium type:
Function: Absorption, secretion, filtration (gas exchange), production of fluid in serous membranes
Location: air sacs of lungs, serous membranes, kidney glomeruli, endothelial lining of vessels.

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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10
Q

Epithelium type:

Flat cells with central nucleus, 1 layer

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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11
Q

Epithelium type:
Function: secretion and absorption
Location: kidney tubules, ducts of glands, thyroid, respiratory

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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12
Q

Epithelium type:

1 layer, cells are as tall as wide, square appearing with large central nucleus

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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13
Q

Epithelium type:
Function: absorption, secretion, also propulsion where ciliated
Location: stomach, small intestine, colon, gallbladder, kidney tubules, uterine tube
Specialized features: microvilli, cilia, goblet cells

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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14
Q

Epithelium type:

1 layer, cells taller than wide, nuclei toward base

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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15
Q

Epithelium type:
Function: protection from mechanical stress, microbes, (skin: also dehydration)
Location: skin (keratinized);
mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, vagina (nonkeratinized)

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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16
Q

Epithelium type:

More than 1 layer, flat, stacked cells, round w/ nuclei near basement membrane, flatter near surface

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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17
Q

Epithelium type:
Function: cilia for propulsion, secretion, goblet cells produce mucus
Location: respiratory tract: nasal, tracheal; also portion of male urethra

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (PCCE)

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18
Q

Epithelium type:

1 layer, looks like more, closely packed columnar cells, nuclei at different heights, goblet cells

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium (PCCE)

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19
Q

Epithelium type:
Function: stretch/distensibility - cells look more flat when structure that they line is distended.
Location: urinary tract from renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

A

Transitional Epithelium

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20
Q

Epithelium type:

squamous-to-cuboidal (multiple cell layers, so stratified)

A

Transitional Epithelium

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21
Q

Structures which forms and secretes a product.

A

Glands

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22
Q

Structure that secretes products to the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine Glands

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23
Q

Structure that releases products to epithelial surface or into ducts.

A

Exocrine Glands

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24
Q

Exocrine Gland:

Unicellular and releases mucus to digestive and respiratory tracts.

A

Goblet Cell

25
Exocrine Gland: Multicellular, most glands, including salivary and sweat, cell products in secretory vesicles, cell survives, water, salty
Merocrine Gland
26
Exocrine Gland: Multicellular, sebaceous glands, products releases into cytosol, cell dies to release product, mitosis to replace dying cells
Holocrine Gland
27
Cells of connective tissue proper: | Produce the protein fibers and extracellular matrix
Fibroblasts
28
Cells of connective tissue proper: | Fat cells
Adipocytes
29
Cells of connective tissue proper: | Immune response, produce inflammatory mediators such as histamine
Mast Cells
30
Cells of connective tissue proper: | Consume dead and tying tissue
Phagocytes
31
Connective tissue proper type: - appearance: Webs of fibers - location(s): Underneath epithelium, serosa, walls of hollow organs - special functions: support of blood vessels, diffusion to epithelium - specialized cells: fibroblasts dominate; lots of immune cells
Loose Fibrous (Areolar) Connective Tissue
32
Connective tissue proper type: - appearance: orderly packed, nearly parallel fibers - location(s): tendons and ligaments - special functions: distributes tension in one direction - specialized cells: fibroblasts
Dense Fibrous Regular Connective Tissue
33
Connective tissue proper type: - appearance: swirly clustered bundles of fibers - location(s): dermis; capsules of joints and organs - special functions: distributes tension in all 3 planes - specialized cells: fibroblasts
Dense Fibrous Irregular Connective Tissue
34
Connective tissue proper type: - appearance: Wavy purple staining fibers (elastin) + random collagen - location(s): large blood vessels, some ligaments - special functions: stretch - specialized cells:
Elastic Connective Tissue
35
Connective tissue proper type: - appearance: Dark vines (type III collagen) - location(s): lymph nodes, spleen bone marrow, liver, basement membranes - special functions: provides structure inside organs
Reticular Connective Tissue
36
Connective tissue proper type: -appearance: “marshmallows” Nucleus is pushed off to side. Large vacuole on slide is empty; held triglycerides -location(s): deep to skin in the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, hips, breasts; also visceral Note: the “brown fat” seen in children contains abundant mitochondria -special functions: insulation, warmth, shock absorption, protection, energy reserve -specialized cells: adipocyte
Adipose Connective Tissue
37
Specialized connective tissue type: -appearance: glasslike matrix. The cells are often seen in pairs, look like “owl eyes.” -location(s): articular surfaces, rib attachments, nose, respiratory tubes -special functions: shock absorption -specialized cells: chondrocytes ++Note that cartilage is avascular, and gets its blood supply from the perichondrium, at the edge of the tissue.
``` Hyaline Cartilage (simplest case for cartilage) ```
38
Specialized connective tissue type: - appearance: slender purplish staining elastic fibers + glassy matrix and chondrocytes - location(s): External ear and epiglottis/portions of larynx - special functions: flexibility, can vibrate - specialized cells: chondrocytes
Elastic Cartilage | hyaline cartilage + elastic fibers
39
Specialized connective tissue type: - appearance: stringy fibers + glassy matrix and chondrocytes - location(s): fibrous joints - pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, articular discs (menisci, TFC of wrist) - special functions: tensile strength and elasticity - specialized cells: chondrocytes and fibroblasts
Fibrocartilage | hyaline cartilage + collagen fibers
40
Specialized connective tissue type: -appearance: “tree ring” or “onion slice” appearance of compact bone -location(s): skeleton -special functions: support, protection onf vital organs, muscle attachment sites, calcium storage, hematopoietic marrow -specialized cells: Osteoblasts: bone building cells at the edges Osteocytes: mature osteoblasts now trapped in the rings of bone matrix Osteoclasts: resorb and destroy at the edges
Bone
41
Specialized connective tissue type: - appearance: suspension of about 45% cells, 99% of which are red blood cells. Plasma is the extracellular fluid here, water with dissolved salts and proteins. - location(s): inside vessels - special functions: O2/CO2 exchange, waste removal, also immunity, clotting - specialized cells: erythrocytes, white blood cells and platelets.
Blood
42
Muscular Tissue: - appearance: striated, parallel fibers. Eccentric nuclei. - location(s): skeleton (trunk, limbs, face) - special functions: voluntary control - specialized cells: myocyte
Skeletal Muscle
43
Muscular Tissue: -appearance: striated, branched; shorter and thicker than skeletal muscle. 1-2 nuclei per cell, eccentric -location(s): heart only -special functions: involuntary; electrical/contractile -feature: intercalated discs (desmosome + modified tight junction)
Cardiac Muscle
44
Muscular Tissue: -appearance: smooth spindle shaped cells with central nuclei (long tapered cells) -location(s): walls of hollow organs, blood vessels; certain structures in the eye, also in skin and ducts of some glands. -special functions: involuntary -specialized cells: gap junctions in plasma membrane
Smooth Muscle
45
Identify where in the body nervous tissue can be found
Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system: cranial and spinal nerves.
46
What is a neuron?
Neurons: the information cell; the “gray matter” of the brain and spinal cord.
47
What are the structural characteristics of a Neuron and the function of these structures?
Cell body (soma) – mature cells. Amitotic. Conducts nerve impulses. Processes: multiple dendrites (incoming), single axon (outbound) Appearance: Polygonal in shape, single central nucleus, several processes
48
What are the functions of Neuroglial cells?
Neuroglial cells: Functions to support the neuron, don’t carry information. These do undergo mitosis Functions include: anchoring neurons and vessels in place, making and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), insulation of axons, immune surveillance
49
Thin sheet of 1 or more tissues lining a body surface or cavity is a ____________________.
Membrane | which is an organ
50
“True” membranes: Line pleural, peritoneal, pericardial cavities Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) + basement membrane + loose CT Produces serous fluid (thin, lubricating) Visceral portion covers organ, parietal portion lines the space.
Serous Membrane
51
"True" membranes: Lines cavity of synovial joints 2 layers of modified fibroblasts (synoviocytes) + loose connective tissue Outside is dense irregular CT, the joint capsule.
Synovial Membrane
52
“Membrane-like structures”: All body passages open to the outside (respiratory, digestive, urogenital) Epithelia + basement membrane, with loose CT underneath. Contains mucus secreting glands.
Mucous Membrane
53
"Membrane-like structures": Skin Epidermis is avascular: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Dermis: papillary (upper) portion is loose CT; reticular (lower) portion is dense irregular CT
Cutaneous Membrane
54
How does Epithelium tissue generally repair?
typically regenerates
55
How does Connective tissue generally repair?
CT proper, bone and blood: regenerate | Cartilage: fibrosis (chondrocytes with limited capacity to divide). * blood supply
56
How does Nervous tissue generally repair?
Neurons do not undergo mitosis (amitotic); develop fibrotic scarring from glial cells. If the cell body of the neuron remains intact, a damaged axon outside of the brain or spinal cord may regenerate.
57
Describe the process of regeneration.
Damaged or dead cells replaced with cells of the same type. Usually complete return of function.
58
Explain the process of fibrosis.
Scar tissue formation composed of dense irregular CT | Fibroblasts mitotically divide to produce collagen to fill a defect. Tissue does not regain full functional ability.