Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL373 > Unit 2 - Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

coordinate movement and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the neural plate in the early embryo develop to be?

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is neural crest?

A

will migrate throughout body and contribute to many structures, including peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the forebrain consist of?

A

diencephalon and cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of?

A

medulla oblongata and cerebellum and pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What protects and supports the CNS?

A
  • surrounded by bony cage (cranium protecting the brain, vertebrae protecting the spine)
  • three layers of connective tissue (meninges, surrounds the brain and spinal cord_
  • fluid between layers (cerebrospinal fluid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Meninges?

A

3 layers of membrane: Dura mater, Arachnoid membrane, Pia mater)
-lies between the bones and tissues of the CNS
-stabilizes the neural tissue and protects it from bruising against the bones of the skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Dura mater?

A

the thickest of 3 membranes
- associated with veins that drain blood from brain through vessels or cavities called sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Arachnoid membrane?

A

the middle layer, is loosely tied to the inner membrane, leaving a subarachnoid space between the two layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Pia mater?

A

the inner membrane, a thin layer that adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
- arteries that supply blood to the brain are associated with this layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid located?

A

found in ventricles and in the space between pia mater and arachnoid membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is interstitial fluid located?

A

found inside pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mammalian CNS surrounded by?

A

meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the fluid-filled cavities in the CNS?

A

lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd ventricles), third ventricle within the brain and the central canal within spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the cerebrospinal fluid in ventricles continuous with?

A

continuous with fluid in central canal of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid secreted by?

A

choroid plexus, a specialized region on the walls of the ventricle secrets CSF within each ventricle
- also transports ions and nutrients from blood to cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the extracellular fluids of the CNS?

A

interstitial fluid, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the extracellular fluids of the CNS?

A

interstitial fluid, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is interstitial fluid located?

A

outside blood vessels between cells, and surrounds neurons and glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is plasma located?

A

within cerebral blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid located?

A

within the ventricular system, it bathes external surfaces of brain, between meninges
compared to plasma, CSF has lower K+, Ca2+, HCO3-, glucose, pH, similar Na+

it also has very low protein and no blood cells; presence of blood cells or protein in CSF suggests infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed into venous blood?

A

CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood by arachnoid villi (goes from high pressure to lower pressure) then goes to the heart
1. from ventricles, CSF flows into subarachnoid space
2. the CSF flows around neural tissue and is finally absorbed back into the blood by special villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the astrocyte do?

A

wraps their feet around blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do astrocyte foot processes do?

A

secrete paracrine factors that promote tight junction formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why are tight junctions important?

A

prevents solute movement between endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

isolates brain from harmful substances in the blood and from blood-borne pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is the blood-brain barrier located?

A

between the interstitial fluid and blood

28
Q

How do substances cross the blood-brain barrier?

A
  • lipid-soluble molecules cross readily by diffusing through the cell membrane
  • hydrophilic substances (ions, amino acids, peptides) will only cross if specific transporters/carriers are present on endothelial cells of capillaries within CNS
29
Q

What are the requirements of neural tissues?

A

oxygen and glucose requirement
- neurons are ‘obligate aerobes’; require oxygen, and oxygen readily crosses blood-brain barrier

  • capillaries of CNS express high levels of glucose transporters to provide adequate levels of glucose (brain responsible for approx half of body’s glucose consumption)
30
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

the major path for information flow between CNS and skin, joints, muscles
- contains neural networks involved in locomotion (movement from one place to another)
- divided into four regions, each of which is divided into segments
- each segment gives rise to pair of spinal nerves

31
Q

What are the four regions of the spinal cord?

A
  1. cervical spinal nerve
  2. thoracic spinal nerve
  3. lumbar spinal nerve
  4. sacral spinal nerve
32
Q

What is part of a segment of a spinal cord?

A

white matter, gray matter, dorsal root, ventral root, spinal nerve, dorsal root ganglion

33
Q

What is white matter?

A

consists of tracts of axons carrying information to and from the brain

34
Q

What is gray matter?

A

consists of sensory and motor nuclei

35
Q

What does dorsal root do?

A

carries incoming sensory (afferent) information to CNS

36
Q

What does ventral root do?

A

carries motor (efferent) information from the CNS to muscles and glands

37
Q

What do dorsal horns do?

A

sensory fibers from the dorsal roots synapse with interneurons in the dorsal horns of the gray matter
- the dorsal horn cell bodies are organized into two distinct nuclei, one for somatic information and one for visceral information which takes information in

38
Q

What do ventral horns do?

A

contain cell bodies of motor neurons that carry efferent signals to muscles and glands
- are organized into somatic motor and autonomic nuclei which takes information out

39
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

ascending and descending tracts

40
Q

What do the ascending tracts do?

A

take sensory information to the brain, they occupy the dorsal and external lateral portions of the spinal cord

41
Q

What do the descending tracts do?

A

carry mostly efferent (motor) signals from the brain to the cord, they occupy the ventral and interior lateral portions of the white matter

42
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

oldest and most primitive part of brain
- contains structures derived from embryonic hind and midbrain
- organized much like spinal cord
- most cranial nerves originate from here
- contains nuclei associated with reticular formation

43
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

carry sensory and motor info for head/neck

44
Q

What is reticular formation?

A

diffuse network of neurons involved in processes such as arousal/sleep, muscle tone, coordination of breathing, blood pressure, etc

45
Q

What is the brain stem consist of?

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

46
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

coordination of eye movement, visual and auditory reflexes (a small area that lies between the lower brain stem and the diencephalon)

47
Q

What is the function of pons?

A

relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum and works with medulla to regulate breathing

48
Q

What is the function of medulla?

A

gray matter involved in control of many involuntary functions (blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, vomiting)
it is also the site of decussation (crossing over) for most neurons in corticospinal tract (as a result of this crossover, each side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body)

49
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

cortex, and the subcortical structures (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe)

50
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

second largest structure that coordinates movement, and is where most of the nerve cells in the brain are
- processes sensory information

51
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

between the brain stem and cerebrum

52
Q

What is the diencephalon consist of?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland

53
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

relays and integrates sensory info from lower parts of CNS, ears, eyes, motor info from cerebellum (can modify info passing through it like spinal cord)

54
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

tiny region of brain yet major centre for homeostasis
- contains centres that drive behaviour related to hunger, satiety, thirst
- influences autonomic responses, endocrine systems

55
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

regulated by hypothalamus

56
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

secretes hormone melatonin; involved in circadian and seasonal rhythms

57
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

site of ‘higher’ brain functions (largest and most distinctive part of brain in higher primates)
each cerebral hemisphere divided into four lobes (frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal)

58
Q

What are the 3 regions of cerebral gray matter?

A
  • ‘basal ganglia’ - coordination of movement
  • limbic system - linking emotion/fear with higher cognitive function
  • cerebral cortex - the outer layer of the cerebrum (higher brain functions)
59
Q

What are the functional areas of cerebral cortex?

A

sensory areas, motor areas, association areas

60
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

serves as an integrating center for sensory information and a decision making region for many types of motor output

61
Q

What does the sensory areas of cerebral cortex do?

A

receives sensory input translated into perception (awareness)
- ascending information

62
Q

What does the motor areas of cerebral cortex do?

A

control skeletal muscle movement
- descending information

63
Q

What does the association areas of cerebral cortex do?

A

integrate information from sensory and motor areas and can direct voluntary behaviours

64
Q

What are primary motor cortex?

A

cell bodies of descending ‘upper’ or ‘first order’ motor neurons

65
Q

What are primary somatosensory cortex?

A

terminals of ascending sensory pathways from skin, musculoskeletal system, viscera
- carries information about touch/pressure, pain, temperature, body position

66
Q

What are the ‘special senses’ devoted regions called?

A

visual cortex (eyes), auditory cortex (ears), olfactory cortex (nose), gustatory cortex (taste buds)

67
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

when one muscle is contracted, the other must be inhibited

BIOL373 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions