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Biology > Unit 2 - Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Cells and Organelles Flashcards

2.4 Eukaryotic cell structure 2.5 The ultrastructure of plant cells 2.6 Prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells Specification reference 2.1.1

1
Q

Name the two main types of organism

A

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

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2
Q

Define Organelles

A

Membrane bound compartment within the cell each providing distinct environments and therefore conditions for different cellular reactions

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3
Q

Features of an ANIMAL cell under a LIGHT microscope

A 
Cell Surface Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Centriole
Cytoplasmic Granules
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4
Q

Features of a PLANT cell under a LIGHT microscope

A 
Cell Wall
Cell surface membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Vacuole
Tonoplast
Mitochondria
Starch grains
Chloroplast
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5
Q

Features of an ANIMAL cell under an ELECTRON microscope

A 
Cell Surface membrane
Rough endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
lysosome
Ribosome
Nuclear envelope with pores
Golgi apparatus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
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6
Q

Features of a PLANT cell under an ELECTRON microscope

A 
Cell Surface membrane
Chloroplast
Rough endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Plasmodesmata
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Ribosome
Nuclear envelope with pores
Golgi apparatus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Cell Wall
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7
Q

Function of a plant cell wall

A

A tough yet elastic wall of cellulose that surrounds and supports the cell wall. It is freely permeable. Defence mechanism against invading pathogens.

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromatin
• relatively large
• Separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane - nuclear envelope
• Contain nucleolus

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9
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome production

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10
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
• Contains nuclear pores - allows mRNA and ribosomes to travel out of nucleus and allows enzymes and signalling molecules to travel in.

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11
Q

Golgi body + vesicles

A

folds, packages and modifies proteins.
• Produces secretary vesicles (lysosomes) = transport the proteins and lipids

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12
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

folds proteins into their 3d shape and packages.
• Found in plant and animal cells
• Surface covered in ribosomes

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13
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

• no ribosomes on surface
• folds and packages lipids, specifically cholesterol and steroid hormones

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14
Q

Ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis
• Formed in the nucleolus
• Found freely in the cytoplasm or as part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration
Surrounded by double-membrane with the inner membrane folded to form cristae
• Liquid compartment = Matrix
• The matrix contains enzymes
• contains DNA + ribosomes

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

• break down waste materials such as worn-out organelles
• Specialist form of vesicle
• Contains hydrolytic enzymes (break down)
Used by the immune system and in apoptosis

17
Q

Chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis
• Larger than mitochondria
• Surrounded by a double membrane
• Thylakoids containing chlorophyll stack to form grana - grana joined together by lamellae
• liquid part = stroma

18
Q

Plasma membrane

A

partially permeable membrane that controls the exchange of materials between internal and external environment

19
Q

Centriole

A

• a component of the cytoskeleton
• in eukaryotes
• Hollow fires made of microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement
• Two centrioles at right angles to each other form a centrosome

20
Q

Cell wall in eukaryotic cells

A

made of cellulose/lignin in plants and made of chitin in fungi

21
Q

Cell wall in prokaryotic cells

A

Made of peptidoglycan

22
Q

How do eukaryotic cells divide

A

Mitosis or meiosis

23
Q

How does a prokaryotic cell divide

A

Binary fission

24
Q

Size of ribosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic

A

Eukaryotic - Ribosomes structurally larger - 80 S
Prokaryotic- Ribosomes structurally smaller - 70 S

25
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

usually unicellular, small cells with no membrane-bound internal structures and circular DNA.

26
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

those cells that contain a nucleus and organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane.

27
Q

Organelles in animal cells but not plant

A

Centrosome
Lysosome

28
Q

Cilia

A

• hair-like structures
• Made from the plasma membrane and 11 microtubules
• Allows the movement of substances over the cell surface eg
Mucus

29
Q

Flagellum

A

Similar in structure to cilia
- made from the plasma membrane + a bundle of 11 microtubules
• Contract to provide cell movement for example in sperm cells

Biology (42 decks)

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