Unit 2 - Cells

Question 1

What is the definition of a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 1

A cell that has a membrane bound nucleus and chromosomes and possesses a variety of other membranous organelles.

Question 2

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 2

A cell lacking a nucleus or membrane bound organelles.

Question 3

The Nucleus has a double membrane called the nuclear envolope. What is it attatched to?

Answer 3

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

Name the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 4

1. Provides pathway for transports of materials from the the nucleus especially proteins throughout the cell
2. It provides a large surface area for protein and glycoprotein synthesis

Question 5

The Nucleus has a double membrane.

Whats special about the outer membrane and what does it do?

Answer 5

The outermembrane has large pores for entry and exit of materials such as nucleic acid and proteins between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Question 6

Why does the nucleus have a double membrane?

Answer 6

1. One encloses the chromosomes and keeps it seperate

2. The outer membrane allows entry and exits of certain materials

Question 7

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum made out of? Why is it structured that way?

Answer 7

Membranes that is attached to the outer membrane of the nucleus.

This forms a 3D series of tubes in the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 8

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 8

1. Synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates

Question 9

What cells have very extensive endoplasmic reticulums?

Answer 9

1. Muscle cells

2. Epithelial cells (intestines)

Question 10

Why do muscle cells and epithelial cells have very extensive endoplasmic reticulums?

Answer 10

They need to manufacture, store large quantities of lipids , proteins and carbohydrates

Question 11

Unlike the rough ER what is the smooth ER not studded with?

Answer 11

Ribosomes

Question 12

What is the function of thhe Golgi Body/ apparatus?

Answer 12

1. Recieves proteins and lipids from the Rough ER and (packages + deliver) the vesicles
2. Modifys proteins and lipids

Question 13

What does the Golgi apparatus add to modify the proteins to glycoproteins?

Answer 13

Adds Carbohydrates

Question 14

What is the function for ribosomes?

Answer 14

1. Assemble protein molecules from amino acids

Question 15

What are the 2 types of ribosomes? And where are they both found?

Answer 15

80S = eukaryotic cells (bigger)

70S = prokaryotic cells (smaller)

Question 16

What is do the golgi vesicles contain?

Answer 16

Modified proteins and lipids

Question 17

Describe the journey of the golgi vesicle?

Answer 17

1. Transports modified proteins and lipids in vesicles
2. They’re pinched off from the ends of the golgi cisternae
3. Travels to cell surface
4. Fuses with cell membrane
5. Releases contents outside

Question 18

What do lysosome contain?

Answer 18

Digestive enzymes (protease + lipase)

Question 19

When are lysosome formed?

Answer 19

When the golgi vesicles from apparatus form enzymes

Question 20

State the 4 functions of lysosome.

Answer 20

1. Break down dead cells (autolysis)
2. Break down material injested by phagocytic cells
3. Release enzymes outside of cell to destroy material around the cell
4. Digest worn out organelles so useful chemicals can be recycled

Question 21

Why does lysosome digest worn out organelles?

Answer 21

So the useful chemicals can be recycled

Question 22

What are chloroplasts and their function?

Answer 22

Organelles of the plant palisade cells.

Carries out photosynthesis.

Question 23

What are grana in the chloroplasts?

Answer 23

Stacks of disc like thylakoids

Question 24

What do grana contain?

Answer 24

Chlorophyll

Question 25

What is the stroma?

Answer 25

Fluid filled matrix

Question 26

What happens in the stroma?

Answer 26

2nd stage of photosynthesis takes place

Question 27

Define tissues.

Answer 27

Collection of similar cells that perform specific function

Question 28

Define organs

Answer 28

Combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions.

Often have an overriding function.