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AP Psychology > Unit 2 - Biological Bases Of Behavior > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Biological Bases Of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous System VS Endocrine System

A

The Nervous system is made up of a system of neurotransmitters and neurons
- faster, but short-lived

  • The endocrine system is made up of a system of glands and hormones
    - slower, but long lasting
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2
Q

What structure in the brain connects the nervous system and the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

What two systems make up the nervous system

A
  • The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System
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4
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • made up of the brain and spinal cord

Brain is the neural center of the body (control center)

Spinal cord is the body’s main transmitter of nerves (highway)

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5
Q

The fast acting, electrochemical communication network that uses neurons and nerve cells to coordinate the activities of the organism

A

The Nervous System

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6
Q

What system regulates the biological processes in the body, is made up of glands and organs that make hormones and release them into the blood

A

Endocrine system

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7
Q

The passing on of different mental or physical traits from one generation to another is called..

A

Heredity

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8
Q

Who was Charles Darwin? Why was he important

A
  • He was not a psychologist
  • made a lot of contributions in the area of heredity and environment
  • founded theory of evolution
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9
Q

Theory that states that environment, behavior, and the individual can influence and impact eachother

A

Reciprocal Determinism

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10
Q

The study of how the environment and a persons behavior affect their genes and how they work is called

A

Epigenetics

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11
Q

Epigenetics Vs Plasticity

A

Epigenetics : genes are turned “on or off”. Changes are slow, and important for the benefit of the species

Plasticity : brain structure changes. Changes are fast, and important for the individual (learning,therapy)

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12
Q

When the brain changes or builds new neural pathways to a persons experience it is called

A

Plasticity

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13
Q

This brain structure controls the pituitary gland, and the autonomic functions in the body

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

This gland is helps to regulate and communicates with all other glands. It is also under the command of the hypothalamus

A

Pituitary gland

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15
Q

In the endocrine system, these send and receive hormonal messengers from all over the body

A

Glands

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16
Q

This gland controls the production of the hormone melatonin and helps regulate sleep cycles

A

Pineal Gland

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17
Q

When signaled by the pituitary gland, this gland produces a ___ hormone which affects metabolism

A

Thyroid gland
- thyroid hormone

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18
Q

The ___ gland is contained in a small area of the thyroid gland and produces the ___ hormone which helps regulate the level of calcium in the blood

A

Parathyroid gland
-parathyroid hormone

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19
Q

The pair of glands above the kidneys that help trigger the flight or fight response. The important hormones produced are _____

A

Adrenal Glands
-epinephrine (Adrenaline) and norepinephrine

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20
Q

This is the largest gland. Here, insulin and glucagon are produced which together help to regulate the level of sugar in the blood

A

The Pancreas

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21
Q

The __ are the main reproductive organs, testes, or ovaries. They produce sex hormones

A

The Gonads

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22
Q

the _____ produces the male sex hormone (testosterone) and the ____ produces female sex hormones

A

-Testes/Testis

-Ovary

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23
Q

The regulation of the body’s internal environment (like temp) is called

A

Homeostasis

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24
Q

The system that is made up of the nerves OUTSIDE of the brain and spinal cord. They are taking information from the brain and sending it to the rest of the body and picking up info from those parts and sending it to the brain

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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25
Q

Sensory/Afferent Nuerons

A

carries incoming messages/info from the sense receptors TO the Central Nervous System (brain or spinal cord)

  • remember these neurons are GOING TO the CNS

Memory Hack :
Afferent = APPROACH

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26
Q

Motor/Efferent Nuerons

A

carries information FROM the central nervous system to peripheral nervous system (glands) and muscles

  • remember these neurons are COMING FROM the CNS

Memory Hack : Efferent = EXIT

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27
Q

The receptor cells in sense organs - such as eyes, ears, nose - that are sensitive to stimuli are called what?

A

Sensory Receptors

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28
Q

The Peripheral Nervous system can be broken up into… (and what they each are responsible for)

A

The Autonomic Nervous System which controls INVOLUNTARY (automatic) functions like breathing and digestion

The Somatic Nervous System which controls the VOLUNTARY movements like walking

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29
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System has two divisions that work together during an emergency or stressful situation (explain both)

A

The Sympathetic Nervous System which takes action by physically arousing the body preparing it to act/react in a stressful situation
(Fight or Flight Mode)

The Parasympathetic Nervous System which calms the body, conserving energy, overall returning body back to homeostasis
(Rest and Digest Mode)

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30
Q

This nervous system is most responsible for dilating pupils, increased heart rate, and reduced intestinal activities during a stressful situation

A

Autonomic&raquo_space;> Sympathetic Nervous System

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31
Q

These cells provide nutrients for neurons and protect them with structural support. These cells do NOT process information.

A

Gilal Cells

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32
Q

One type of gilal cell is _____ which forms the myelin sheath of the nueron

A

Schwann Cells

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33
Q

The basic functional unit of the nervous system. Send and receive nerve impulses and chemical signals

A

Neurons / Nerve Cells

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34
Q

Name of the the neuron’s cell body which contains the nucleus

A

Soma / Cell Body

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35
Q

Part of the nueron that extends outward from the Soma and receives incoming messages from adjacent nuerons

A

Dendrites

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36
Q

The longest part of the neuron which the electrical message travels down the length of is called :

A

Axon

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37
Q

The end point of a neuron that releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, hence sending the message on to the next nueron is called :

A

Axon Terminal

38
Q

The fatty tissue that insulates the axon, speeding up the transmission of the message is called

A

Myelin Sheath

39
Q

The open space between the sending neuron and receiving neuron at which neurotransmitters cross

A

Synapse

40
Q

Space between the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed which helps promote the continuing action potential

A

Node of Ranvier

41
Q

Type of neuron that responds to and mirrors the action that we observe in others

A

Mirror Neurons

42
Q

Chemical substance that crosses the synapse to carry on the message

A

Neurotransmitter

43
Q

___ is the message being sent by the neuron through an electrical impulse traveling down the axon. it is what causes the neuron to fire

A

Action Potential

44
Q

The ability for certain ions to cross the membrane is called

A

Permeability

45
Q

When the neuron is NOT firing and it is at a state where there are more positive ions (sodium/NA) on the outside of the neuron and more negative ions (Potassium/K) on the inside it is called :

A

Resting Potential

46
Q

When neuron is in the resting potential they are ___, meaning the opposites (positive and negative ions) are away from eachother

A

Polarized

47
Q

The _______ principle refers to how when the nucleus decides to fire, it fires down the axon complete (all the way) or not at all

A

All or nothing principle

48
Q

When the message begins, this process is when the Sodium (+Na) ions come in and neutralize the section of the axon.

A

Depolarization

In other words : the “opposites” (+/-) are no longer away from each other

49
Q

The process of moving the positive ions outside of the membrane after depolarization in order for a cell to return to its resting state

A

Repolarization

50
Q

The period of time after firing that the neuron is focused on resetting, and therefore the cell cannot fire again bust must wait to achieve its intensity

A

Refractory Period

51
Q

The two types of synapses :

1 . For messages that need to be send quickly and immediately, they are connected and have no space between the neurons

  1. take longer to process, junctions between two neurons that use neurotransmitters to send neural signals
A
  1. Electrical Synapses
  2. Chemical Synapses
52
Q

When excess neurotransmitters left in the synapse are recollected

A

Re-uptake

53
Q

Postsynaptic terminal/neuron and Presynaptic terminal/nueron

A

Post-Synaptic terminal is the RECEIVING neuron

Pre-Synaptic terminal is the axon terminal of the SENDING neuron

54
Q

This neurotransmitter enables muscle action (spinal and skeletal movements), learning, and memory. If our bodies don’t make enough, it can lead to Alzheimer disease

A

Acetylcholine

(ah see ta cow lean)

55
Q

This neurotransmitter influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. It is similar in nature to cocaine, as it involves rewarding sensations

A

Dopamine

56
Q

Schizophrenia is due to an oversupply of what neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine

57
Q

Parkinsons disease, tremors, and decreases mobility to due to an undersupply of what neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine

58
Q

This neurotransmitter impacts hunger, mood, and sleep. The body’s “feel good”chemical.

A

Serotonin

59
Q

An under supply of this neurotransmitter leads to depression and Antidepressant drugs increase levels of this

A

Serotonin

60
Q

This neurotransmitter is linked to pain control and pleasure during great bodily stress, such as an accident.

A

Endorphins

61
Q
  1. If you’re lacking in endorphins then you’ll have a ___ pain threshold
  2. If you have an excess, you’ll have a ____ threshold
A
  1. Lower pain threshold
  2. Higher pain threshold
62
Q

These two neurotransmitters/hormones are similar to the chemical substance adrenaline and they work together on the body’s flight or fight response

A

Epinephrine and
Norepinephrine

(eh pen eff errr en)
(nor eh pen eff err en)

63
Q

This neurotransmitter is involved in excitatory messages and helps with long term memory. It is the most used neurotransmitter between neurons

A

Glutamate

64
Q

An oversupply of this neurotransmitter can overstimulate the brain leading to seizures, migranes, and insomnia

A

Glutamate

65
Q

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter that slows down the nervous system. An undersupply of this leads to tremors, seizures, and insomnia

A

GABA

66
Q

Fill in Blanks :

The ______ system sends a chemical signal through _____. The nueron sends these ______ through the _______ gap/cleft which is the narrow space between the pre-synaptic terminal and the _________ terminal.

A
  1. Nervous System
  2. neurotransmitters
  3. neurotransmitters
  4. synaptic gap/cleft
  5. post-synaptic
67
Q
  1. _____ neurotransmitters make the post synaptic cell more likely to fire. (eg. glutamate)
  2. _____ neurotransmitters make them less likely to fire (eg. GABA)

Whether a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory depends on the receptor it binds to

A
  1. Excitatory
  2. Inhibitory
68
Q

_____ MIMIC neurotransmitter activity while _____ BLOCKS neurotransmitter activity

-both interact w/ neurotransmitters at the receptor sites of neurons

A

Agonist , Antagonist

69
Q

_____ block the neurotransmitters left in the synaptic cleft from being reabsorbed, causing there being more of it at the synapse the next time the neuron fires

A

Reuptake Inhibitor

70
Q

The ____________ moves sodium (Na) and potassium (K) ions against large concentration gradients. It moves 2 potassium ions into the cell where potassium levels are high, and pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell and into the extra cellular fluid

A
  • Sodium Potassium Pump
71
Q

Examples of Agonist drugs :

_____ and ____ ; mimic the effects of endorphins

A

morphine and opiates

72
Q

Examples of Antagonist drugs

____; blocks acetycholine to stop muscle contractions and wrinkles

____ ; blocks release of glutamate

A

Botox

Alchohol

73
Q

Who is Paul Broca? Why is he important

A

Identified an area in the left hemisphere of our brains of the frontal lobe which is now known as Broca’s area

74
Q

Area in the left frontal lobe and associated with the ability to speak. Discovered by Paul Broca

A

Broca’s area

75
Q

The inability to speak after damage to Broca’s area is known as

A

Broca’s aphasia

76
Q

Area in the left frontal lobe that is associated with understanding and creating language. Discovered by Carl Wernicke

A

Wernicke’s area

77
Q

The inability to understand sounds or create meaningful speech after damage to Wernicke’s area is called

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

78
Q

Three regions of the brain

A

Hindbrain (the bottom),
Midbrain (not visible),
Forebrain (top)

79
Q

part of the brainstem that regulates important autonomic functions like heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure

A

Medulla Oblongata

80
Q

part of the brainstem that sits ontop of the medulla that regulates sleep cycles, controls voluntary movements, and connects the medulla with the cerebellum

A

Pons

81
Q

This brain structure is known as the “little brain”. manages coordination, posture and balance.

A

Cerebellum

82
Q

If this brain structure was damaged, one would have very unbalanced and clumsy movements

A

Cerebellum

83
Q

Damage to this brain part would be automatic death, because it includes many brain structures that have alot to do with autonomic activities, helping us live

A

Brain stem

84
Q

This brain structure is responsible for our consciousness and attentiveness. It helps us stay awake and alert ; it is activated in a learning setting because we need to pay attention to important things and ignore distractions

A

Reticular Formation/ Reticular Activating Systm

85
Q

Brain structure that relays all sensory information to the brains cerebral cortex to be interpreted

A

Thalamus

86
Q

Brain structure which main function is to keep body in homeostasis. it controls things like body temp, hunger/thirst, sleep patterns and emotions. It works closely with pituitary gland with managing hormone s

A

Hypothalamus

87
Q

_____ and the hypothalamus work together as a team. It gets instructions from the hypothalamus to release hormones at the right time

A

Pituitary gland

88
Q

This brain structure recognizes and responds to potential threats and danger. It processes and regulates emotions especially fear and aggression

A

Amygdala

89
Q

The ______ helps the two hemispheres communicate/share information

A

Corpus Callosum

90
Q
A

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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