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Microbiology > Unit 2 - Bacterial Nutrition > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Bacterial Nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 main macronutrients needed for bacterial nutrition?

What are some other minor micronutrients that bacteria need?

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Oxygen
  3. Nitrogen
  4. Hydrogen
  5. Sulfur, Phosphorus….Se kinda
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2
Q

What are the 4 avenues in which a bacteria can acquire cabon??

A
  • Sugars - permeases break down sugars
  • Amino Acids - certain bacteria will have “high-affinity uptake systems” for amino acids
  • Nucleotides - uptake or competence
    • BmpA-NupABC - ABC transporter for all nucleosides
    • Com protieins of Bacillus subtilis - natural competence
  • From CO2
    • some organisms can convert CO2 into organic carbon
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3
Q

How can bacteria acquire Nitrogen?

A
  • Atmospheric nitrogen has to be converted into a bioavailable form - like NH4 or NO2-
    • there are nirtogen fixing and nitrofying bacteria that do this.
  • Obtained from inorganic or organic sources
    • Break down of animals, plants, other microbes
    • Chemical processes that produce ammonia or nitrates
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4
Q

What is one mechanism in which bacteria use to acquire nitrogen?

iron-fixing bacteria

Siderophores

Magnetite deposits

A

Answer: Siderophores

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5
Q

What is a Siderophore?

A
  • a high iron affinity molecule within bacteria
    • Can be diffsed into the environment & then re-uptaked by membrane transport system.
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6
Q

What do most microbes use to generate energy?

A

Electron transport

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7
Q

A redox reaction usually involves reactions between [blank]?

A

intermediates/carriers

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8
Q

What are 2 classes of electron carriers?

A
  • Prosthetic groups
    • attached to an enzyme
  • Coenzymes (diffusible)
    • Nad+, NADP
    • Can be recycled sometimes
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9
Q

What are 3 examples of compounds that store energy after it has been released from a redox reaction?

A
  1. ATP (prime energy currency)
  2. Phosphoenolpyruvate
  3. Glucose 6-phosphate
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10
Q

What are the 2 reaction series linked with energy conservation?

How do they differ?

A
  1. Fermentation & Respirations
  2. Fermentation
    1. substrate-level phophorylation; ATP directly synthesized from an energy-rich intermediate
  3. Respiration:
    1. Oxidative phosphorylation; ATP produced from proton motive force formed by trnasport of electrons
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11
Q
  1. Is fermentation a aerobic process?
  2. What macromolecule is consumed?
  3. How many ATP are produced per glucose?
  4. What are some of the byproducts?
A
  1. Anaerobic
  2. Glucose is consumed
  3. 2 ATPs/glucose
  4. Products = lactate or ethanol or both
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12
Q

Anaerobic Respiration vs Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration

  1. What is the terminal elecron acceptor?
  2. How many ATPs/glucose?
  3. What generates these ATP?

Anaerobic Respiration

  1. Use electron acceptors like??
A

Aerobic

  1. Oxygen
  2. 34 ATPs/glucose
  3. proton motive force

Anaerobic

  1. Fumarate, sulfate, sulfer, CO2, Fe(II) etc…
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13
Q

What is the TCA cycle?

A
  • pathway through which pyruvate is completely oxidized to CO2
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14
Q

Which energetics process can actually generate precursors to amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids?

A

TCA Cycle

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15
Q

TCA Cycle by the #s

  1. How many CO2/glucose?
  2. How many NADH or FADH2/glucose?
  3. How many GTP/glucose?
A
  1. 6 CO2
  2. 8 NADH and 2 FADH2
  3. 2 GTP
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16
Q

Where is the ETC located in bacteria?

A

Membrane (no mitochondria in bacteria)

17
Q

In bacteria, which “side” is positive/negative in order to use the proton motive force?

A
  • Inside becomes electrically negative
  • Outside becomes electrically positive
18
Q

Why can’t microorganisms use CO2 for their organic carbon needs?

A
  • Trick!
  • They can. Some microorganisms can convert CO2 to organic carbon
19
Q

If no Oxygen is present what are 2 mechanisms a microbe can use to utilize glucose?

A
  1. Ferment the pyruvate from glycolysis, to ethanol and/or lactic acid
  2. Put pyruvate through TCA cycle, ETC, and use an anaerobic electron acceptor.
20
Q

Chemotrophy refers to?

Phototrophy refers to?

A
  1. uses energy from bond breakage form chemicals
  2. Energy from light
21
Q

Lithotrophy uses what to obtain reducing equivalents?

Organotrophy uses what for reducinga gents?

A
  1. Lithotrophy - inorganic subtrate - H2, H2S, NH3
  2. Organotrophy - catabolism of organic compounds
    1. NADH from glucose breakdown
22
Q

A heterotroph receives carbon from….what?

A Autotroph receives its carbon from…?

A
  1. Hetero - metabolism of organic compounds
  2. Auto - CO2 fixation only
23
Q

What is the difference between a defined mixture and a complex mixture?

A
  • Defined - precise mixture of purified components
  • Complex - precise/loose mixture of impure products
24
Q

Can all organisms that grow in an enriched medium, also grow in a general medium like an LB agar plate?

A
  • No - an enriched medium is meant for organisms that can be “difficult to grow” in a general media.
    • Ex: Chocolate agar
25
Q

Another name for “difficult to grow” organisms?

A

Fastidious

26
Q

What is the difference between selective medium and differential medium?

A
  • Selective - only certin organisms will grow
  • Differential - can differentiate organisms absed on morphological changes
27
Q

What protein is critical to the elongation of a prokaryotic cell during binary fission?

A

MreB

28
Q

What are some of the “known” characteristics of MreB that help in cell wall elongation?

A
  • The sites at which MreB touch the cell wall are the sites in which the cell is elongating.
29
Q

Do all rod bacteria have MreB?

What do MreB mutant rods become?

What does this tell you about the MreB in these mutant bacteria?

A
  1. Yes
  2. Rods become coccoid when MreB is mutant
  3. Naturally coccoid bacteria lack MreB
30
Q

What are the 4 steps of peptidoglycan Synthesis?

A
  1. Clip existing peptiodglycan chains
    1. Autolysins - hydrolyzes B 1-4 glycosidic bonds
    2. Endopeptidases also help break these bonds
  2. Getting NAG and NAM units into periplasm
    1. Bactoprenol - hydrophobic lipid carrier binds to NAH and NAM and transport them across cytoplasmic membrane
  3. Inserting into existing peptiodglycan polymer
    1. transglycosylases - insert into backbone
    2. Carboxypeptidases - cleave terminal amino acid in peptide chain
  4. Crosslinking units back together
    1. transpeptidases - form cross links
31
Q

What are the main Fts proteins involved in cell separation during binary fission?

What is the function of each?

A
  1. FtZ - “tubulin” type protein that forms a ring at the center of the cell.
    1. localizes divisome.
  2. FtsA/ZipA - anchors FtZ ring to membrane
  3. FtsI - Peptidoglycan synthesis component
32
Q

What do the Min C & Min D proteins do during binary fission?

A
  • inhibit FtsZ on the poles of the cell
33
Q

What does MinE do during cell seperation of binary fission?

A
  • Helps localize FtsZ to center of cell by sweeping away MinC and MinD
34
Q

Cell Shape and Division in Archaea?

Do they contain FtsZ and MreB?

A
  • Mechanism not understood
  • Some archaeal genomes contain FTsZ and MreB
  • Some have an “actin” homolog - crenactin or arcadins
    • ​not found in eyrarchaeota, form helical bundles.
35
Q

What are the 4 ways to measure cell population growth?

A
  1. Microscopy
  2. Viable Cell Plate Count
    1. use 10x serial dilution.
    2. looking for 30-300 colonies on a plate
  3. Spectrophotmetry - shoot light through and measure the amount of light that gets through
  4. FACS - Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting
    1. very uncommon. Sorts by different things like FP and CFP, small/large, rod/cocci

Microbiology (11 decks)

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