Unit 2: Asia Flashcards
What is demography
Study of populations. Demographers work to identify and respond to global demographic change.
Examples of trends, patterns
Birth rate, death rate, age, sex, migration, population density, population distribution
Thomas Malthus population theory
believed that people will increase the population if they can. the population will continue to increase until it can no longer support itself. the malthusian limit is the limit up to which the population can sustain itself. limit may increase over time, but the population will do the same to compensate and limit will eventually be reached.
William Catton population theory
believed environments had a carrying capacity: the number of people it can support indefinitely. if the CC is exceeded, the enivronment is damaged and the CC decreases. if carrying capacity is exceeded, the population will eventually return to a level that can be permanently supported, but it will be lower than before.
The cornucopian myth
this is when people think good fortune comes from earth’s limitless resources.
proof that overpopulation is a myth
- fertility rate needs to be 2 for world to sustain itself: many countries are under this
- not listed as one of the top five causes of hunger (poverty, conflict, natural disasters, over-exploitation of environment, poor agricultural infrastructure)
- reducing population will not magically spread food equally
what is the demographic transition model
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is based on historical population trends of two demographic characteristics – birth rate and death rate – to suggest that a country’s total population growth rate cycles through stages as that country develops economically
list and describe five stages of DTM
- pre-industrial stage: high birth rates due to lack of birth control and benefit of having more workers, high death rate due to disease or poor nutrition. most countries were here until 18th century. none are here currently.
- Transitional stage: population rises as death rates drop because of improved health and sanitation. Birth rate stays the same. examples: malawi, gambia and bangladesh
- Industrial stage: death rates drop, birth rates drop because of access to contraception and changing social trend towards smaller families.
- post-industrial stage: population stabilizes, birth and death rates are low and balance each other out.
- speculation (different theories)
- world population will be forced to stabilize
- population will start to decrease as birth rates drop below death rates
- population starts to grow again
info conveyed by population pyramids
- divided into 5-year age groups
- percentage of people in each age group
- percentage of males and females in each age group
- changes in birth rate, death rate, life expectancy, infant mortality
- effects of migration
- effects of government policies
examples of rating quality of life
life satisfaction, work-life balance, education, environment, health, safety, income, community
what is the anthropocence
the geological epoch dominated by humans
proof of anthropocence
greenhouse gas levels haven’t been this high for one million years, temperatures increasing, hole in ozone layer, losing biodiversity, deltas are sinking because of mining and damming, ocean acidification
proof against anthropocene
there isn’t any major evidence to show we have moved into a new epoch
demographic trap
when there is a high death rate and high birth rate. any economic growth is used on the growing population and there is nothing left to promote economic and social development necessary for post transition.
pro-natalism
growing families is good for carrying on family traditions and values, contributing to economy and workforce, adding followers to religion. helps to replenish population.
anti-natalism
the world would be better off without humans. malthusian checks will occur to maintain proper population: it is unethical to allow world to get to this point so we should stop having kids to make sure that does not happen.
China’s one child policy
implemented in 1970s. citizens cannot have more than one child or would receive a fine. exclusions: families in rural families if first child was female, ethnic minorities, couples with a partner who was an only child can have two.
did china’s policy work?
got to the point where birth rate was too low and people no longer wanted to have more children. gender imbalance. forced abortions. high elderly population, low young population.
Kerala, india policy
Kerala is one of the most densely-populated states in India. However, due to initiatives implemented to lower its population, it has a birth rate over 50% lower than India’s average birth rate. Kerala has allowed families to decide how many children they want, and have also encouraged contraceptive use, improved their healthcare systems and increased education to help stabilize the population.
globalization
the process by which different parts of the world interact economically, politically and socially. includes interconnections facilitated by tech and communications.
Social globalization impacts
declining population in manufacturing in MEDCs progress through shared knowledge exploitation of child labourers sweatshops spread of culture
Political globalization impacts
- clarity of roles in geopolitical relationships via trade agreements
- destruction of indigenous cultures
- labour protection through treaty/legislation
- loss of small business taken over by MNCs
- trade imbalance
impacts of economic globalization
- cheaper goods
- job losses in manufacturing sectors in MEDCs
- corporate profits shared with stockholders
- increased employment in LEDCs
- low wages for factory workers
impacts of environmental globalization
- damage to local rivers and water supply
- abandoned rural villages in LEDCs
- environmental protection through trade agreements
- decline in agricultural activities in LEDCs
- removing heavy industry in MEDCs to limit environmental damage
free trade
the trade between three or more countries without the use of tariffs, quotas or other restrictions.
examples of free trade agreements
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - Canada, USA and Mexico
Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA)
European Union
Association of Southeast Asia Nation (ASEAN)
Protectionism
the practice of protecting local or domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports, imposing tariffs, providing domestic subsidies to exporters and imposing non-tariff barriers which restrict imports.
tariff
a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports
quota
a restriction on the amounts of particular product, that under official trade agreements can be produced, exported or imported.
benefits of free trade
expanded markets: can sell to foreign markets, can expand product lines and develop new tech
lower costs of production: can take advantage of lower costs or better tech from other countries
wider pool of talent
expanded insurance options: from other jurisdictions
disadvantages of free trade
- domestic job loss due to outsourcing
- makes a country vulnerable for relying on goods for another country
- country loses contribution of taxes if corporation decides to move offshore
advantages of protectionism
- tariffs protect new companies from foreign competitors; can establish their own competitive advantages
- creates new jobs
- lowers imports, increasing country’s trade balance
- more domestic production increases GDP
disadvantages of protectionism
- lack of competition does not make it necessary for improvements, will lose business
- can act as domino effect, slowing economic growth
- limiting access to foreign goods limits consumers’ choices
impacts of outsourcing
cheaper, harm environments, use of sweatshops, child labour, unsafe conditions
coca cola case study
- one of the largest mncs
- in over 200 countries
- india did not have any rules originally for foreign investment, coca cola made a massive profit
- then foreign exchange act was implemented, foreign companies must invest 40% equity into india. coca cola agreed, but wanted to maintain its power in technical and administrative areas, this violated the act and CC left in 1977
- coca cola returned in 1993
- complaints about coca cola not being sustainable, using excessive amounts of groundwater and wastewater draining directly into rivers
hans rosling box video
1 box = 1 billion ppl
in 1960, 2 billion developing countries, 1 billion in industrialized countries
west and the rest
2010: west, emerging economies, becoming emerging economies (most populous), developing countries
2050: first three groups move up, poorest will increase population (population growth has slowed for other countries)
