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Unit 2 AS psychology > Unit 2 AS psychology > Flashcards

Unit 2 AS psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Aim

A

a statement of what the researcher intends to find out in a research study

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

a precise testable statement about the assumed relationship between variables

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3
Q

independent variable (IV)

A

the variable which is directly manipulated by the experimenter to test its affect on the DV

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4
Q

Dependent variable (DV)

A

the variable measured by the researcher

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5
Q

Debrief

A

inform the participants (p’s) of the true nature of the study and restore them to the same state they were in at the start of the study (physical and psychological)

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6
Q

ethical issues

A

where there is a conflict of values between the researcher and the participants concerning the goal, procedure or outcome of a study

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7
Q

operationalise

A

make the variables measurable (numerical). e.g. temperature vs exam score.

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8
Q

standardised procedure

A

a set of procedures and instructions that are the same for all participants to make the study repeatable

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9
Q

experiment

A

a research method where causal conclusions can be drawn because the IV has been manipulated to observe the causal effect on the DV.

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10
Q

quasi-experiment

A

the IV is not deliberately manipulated (naturally occurring)e.g. gender

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11
Q

valid consent

A

participants have been given comprehensive information about the study so they can choose whether to participate

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12
Q

mundane realism

A

the degree to which the study mirrors the real world

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13
Q

extraneous variables

A

does not vary systematically with the IV (another variable which may influence the IV e.g.. screaming baby, exam room.

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14
Q

confounding variable

A

a variable that is not the independent variable but will vary systematically with the IV (death of hamster on exam day)

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15
Q

confederate

A

somebody who knows the true aims of the study and is not a real participant but has been instructed how to behave by the researcher (Milgram)

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16
Q

pilot study

A

a small scale study to look for design improvements

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17
Q

directional hypothesis

A

it states the direction of the IV and DV (the higher the temp in the room, the worse the exam score)

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18
Q

non-directional hypothesis

A

predicts a difference but the direction is not stated (as the temp is increased in the room, the scores will change)

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19
Q

Null hypothesis

A

there is no relationship between the variables (e.g. as the temperature increases, there will be no effect on the scores)

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20
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

the opposite of the null hypothesis and can be directional or non-directional

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21
Q

external validity

A

the degree to which research findings can be generalised to another setting (ecological validity)

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22
Q

population validity

A

the degree to which the research findings can be generalised to another group of people

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23
Q

historical validity

A

the degree to which the research findings can be generalised over time

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24
Q

independent group design

A

participants are allocated to 2 or more groups which represent different levels of the IV (allocation must be done randomly)

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25
matched pairs design
participants are matched in terms of age and IQ where one member of each pair is allocated to a different IV
26
repeated measures design
each participant takes part in every condition or level of the IV
27
lab
an environment where the extraneous variables can be controlled by the researcher
28
field
the participants are observed in their natural environment
29
single blind design
the participant is not aware of the true aims of the study
30
double blind design
both the participant and the researcher are blind to the true aims of the study
31
researcher bias
when the researcher deliberately influences the participants by using leading questions
32
opportunities sampling
a sample of participants who are easily available at the time of the study
33
quota sample
a fixed number of participants from each strata (age, gender or ethnicity)
34
random sampling
a sample of participants selected using a number generator or names in a hat
35
snowball sample
relies on initial participants finding further participants
36
systematic sample
selecting every nth person (selecting every 10th person)
37
stratified sampling
a sample of participants identified from sub groups according to their frequency in the whole population
38
self-selected sample (volunteer)
a sample of participants who have volunteered to take part in a study
39
confidentiality
protecting personal information which may be held on a database about another person
40
deception
where a participant is not told the true aims of the study, so can not give valid consent
41
risk of psychological or physical harm
during research participants may experience negative or physical psychological effects and must be debriefed at the end of the study
42
presumptive consent
asking a group of people who are similar to the participants whether they would agree to take part in the study. it is presumed that the real participants would have agreed
43
social desirability bias
participants answer questions in a socially desirable way (show themselves in better light)
44
time sampling
an observational technique where the observer record specific behaviour in a given time interval
45
participant observation
observation made by someone who is participating in the same activity which makes them less objective
46
non participant observation
the observer is separate from the people being observed
47
covert observation
when a participant is unaware that they are being observed (one way mirror)
48
observer bias
observers expectations affect what they see or hear and reduces the validity of their observation
49
a closed question
questions that have a pre determined answer from the respondent ( good for producing quantitative data)
50
open question
the respondents are invited to provide their own answers (produces qualitive data)
51
questionnaire
data collected through the use of written questions
52
semi structured interview
an interview that begins with general questions but gives the respondent more freedom to answer in depth
53
structured interview
an interview where the questions have been decided in advance
54
case study
a research investigation that involves a detailed study of a single person or event ( not generalisable but it is valid)
55
content analysis
an observational study where behaviour is observed indirectly in written or verbal material such as a book, a diary or a tv program
55
measures of central tendency
they inform the researcher about the middle values of a set of data (they include mean, median and the mode)
55
measures of dispersion
a set of data which is described in terms of how it is dispersed e.g. range, standard deviation, variants.
55
mean
this is calculated by adding up all the data and divided by the number of data items. it can only be used with ratio or interval data
56
median
all the data items must be arranged in order and the central value is found. if there are 2 values in the middle add them up and divide by 2. can only be used with ratio interval and ordinal data.
57
mode
its the most common data item. With nominal data it is the category with the highest frequency. With interval or ordinal data, it is the data item that occurs most frequently. It is possible to have 2 or more modes (bimodal or trimodal)
57
range
difference between the highest and the lowest value
58
standard deviation
this is a method of expressing the dispersion of a set of data using a formula.
58
levels of measurement
the 4 different types of data, nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio.
59
nominal
data expressed in categories by grouping people (football teams)
60
ordinal
data that is ordered or ranked according to a scale (first, second, third)
61
interval
where an artificial scale is used with equal intervals. Strongly disagree, moderately disagree, no opinion, agree, and strongly agree
62
ratio
there is a true 0 value. Is usually used to measure physical quantities, such as temperature.
63
bar chart
a graph used to represent the frequency of data where the categories are on the x axis and there is no true zero.
64
histogram
the blocks on a histogram are different widths and represent the frequency which is found by calculating the area of the rectangles. Its used for continuous data where there is a true zero and there are no spaces between the bars.
65
normal distribution
a symmetrical bell shaped curve where the central line represents the mean and the standard deviation is measured in increments either side of the mean.
66
positive skew
the majority of the scores lie to the left where the mode is the highest peak, the median is the second highest and the mean is the lowest.
67
negative skew
most of the scores are to the right. The mean is less than the median, which is less than the mode.
68
quantitative data
numerical data usually created by closed questions
69
qualitative data
descriptive data, it is created from open questions.
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Unit 2 AS psychology (1 decks)

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