Unit 2: Archaeology Flashcards
An archaeologist studies material remains and environmental data to understand: A. Future species B. Fossils C. Human Culture D. Old Rocks
C. Human Culture
Fieldwork in archaeology includes: A. Systematic surveying and excavation B. Kinship and geothermal analysis C. Taphonomy and genetic analysis D. Stratigraphy and participant observation
A. Systematic surveying and excavation
Which of the following is an example of a feature? A. Deer bones B. A hearth C. A broken blade D. A rock
B. A hearth
Which of the following statements about foraging societies is NOT true?
A. Many foragers have easily incorporated modern technologies into their subsistence activities
B. Forager societies have band-level organization and are egalatarian
C. All modern foraging societies have contact with other non-foraging societies
D. Foraging societies are characterized by frequent food shortages, and work the most to feed themselves
D. Foraging societies are characterized by frequent food shortages, and work the most to feed themselves
What type of subsistence strategy would you infer from an archaeological site that included the following items: a hearth, a pit with animal bones and broken meat and milk storage containers, weaver's tools, clay figurines of cattle, and coins minted by a nearby empire that existed at the same time as the site. A. Pastoralism B. Foraging C. Horticulture D. Agriculturalism
A. Pastoralism
Social organization such as subsistence strategies and political systems, work to balance
A. the rights of competing individuals
B. the needs of the group and the desires of the individual
C. the access individuals have to power, prestige and wealth
D. the needs of the poor and the desires of the powerful
B. the needs of the group and the desires of the individual
Archaeological evidence of horticulturalism can be difficult to find as many organic materials are perishable. However, such horticulture can be inferred from which of the following evidence?
A. Soil samples that show frequent rotation of planted fields and slash-and-burn practices.
B. Soil analysis that indicates the use of chemical fertilization at different times of the year.
C. Stone structures that indicate extensive irrigation networks spanning vast acres of land.
D. Metal or stone plow parts, which would have been used with large, draft animals to till fields
A. Soil samples that show frequent rotation of planted fields and slash-and-burn practices.
In Bodley’s Price of Progress, he discusses how indigenous people might adopt foreign foods, even when their environment is able to support their traditional subsistence strategies. What is one of the reasons?
A. They are curious to taste new foods.
B. Eating exotic foods can give them greater prestige.
C. The foreign foods are more nutritious and less expensive
D. They burn these foreign foods as ritual offerings
B. Eating exotic foods can give them greater prestige
Which of the following is the key factor that distinguishes agriculturalists from horticulturalists? Agriculturalists,
A. Subsist on a more nutritious diet than do horticulturalists
B. Clear a tract of land they wish to use by cutting down trees and setting fire to the grass
C. Generally have much more leisure time at their disposal than do foragers
D. Use their land intensively and continuously
D. Use their land intensively and continuously
What lies at the heart of state formation? A. Irrigation B. Surplus C. Circumscription D. Taxation
B. Surplus
Which is not a reason that states decline? A. Competition B. Accumulation of surplus C. Ecological degradation D. Warfare
B. Accumulation of surplus
A band refers to a small kin-based group. In this type of political system,
A. There is no way of settling disputes since everybody gets along among equals
B. Band leaders give advice or make decisions, but they have no way to enforce their will on others
C. Laws dictating proper social norms are passed on through songs from generation to generation
D. Misbehavior is punished by a group of men who have more possessions than anyone else
B. Band leaders give advice or make decisions, but they have no way to enforce their will on others
In band and tribal societies, what is the basis for the amount of respect or status attached to an individual?
A. Social prestige inherited from your parents
B. The amount of economic wealth one has, such as property, money, or rare objects
C. Personal attributes, such as wisdom, leadership skills, and generosity
D. Rank ascribed at birth, and the number of wives and children one is able to support
C. Personal attributes, such as wisdom, leadership skills, and generosity
The oldest and most universal mode of subsistence is A. Agriculture B. Horticulture C. Pastoralism D. Foraging
D. Foraging
The domestication of plants and animals
A. Was the result of processes of natural selection
B. Occurred in different regions of Old World, but not in the New World
C. Is a process that can be accomplished with any species, given enough time
D. Resulted in genetic changes in the species over time
D. Resulted in genetic changes in the species over time
