UNIT 2 Ap Human Geo Flashcards
Demography
Study of population characteristics.
Overpopulation
Relationship between population size and resource availability.
How much of world pop lives in East Asia:
1/5 of world population (5/6 in China).
How much of world pop lives in South Asia
1/5 of world population (3/4 in India).
How much of world pop lives in Southeast Asia
1/12 of world population.
How much of world pop lives in Europe
1/9 of world population.
Ecumene
Permanently inhabited areas of Earth.
Dry Lands
Land too dry for farming
Wet Lands
Land too wet, near equator.
Cold Lands
Too frigid for civilization.
High Lands
Too steep/cold for habitation.
Arithmetic Density
Total population ÷ total land area.
Physiological Density
Total population ÷ arable land.
Agricultural Density
Total farmers ÷ arable land.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Live births per 1,000 people/year.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Deaths per 1,000 people/year
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
% population growth per year (excludes migration).
Doubling Time
Time required for population to double (constant NIR).
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Avg. births per woman.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Deaths of infants (<1 year) per live births.
Life Expectancy
Avg. years a newborn is expected to live.
Agricultural Revolution
Domestication of animals.
Industrial Revolution
Technological advancements in manufacturing.
Medical Revolution
Diffusion of medical tech to LDCs.
Demographic Transition Model: Stage 1
Low growth (high birth/death rates, little growth).
Demographic Transition Model: Stage 2
High growth (death rates drop, birth rates constant).
Demographic Transition Model: Stage 3
Decreasing growth (decline in birth rates, moderate NIR).
Demographic Transition Model: Stage 4
Low growth (ZPG, improved living standards).
Demographic Transition Model: Stage 5
(Hypothetical): Low birth/death rates, fluctuating NIR.
Dependency Ratio
Ratio of dependents (young/old) to working-age population.
Sex Ratio
Males per 100 females.
Malthusian Theory
Population grows exponentially, food grows arithmetically → population will outpace food.
Neo-Malthusians
Resource strain includes not just food but energy (oil, gas, etc.).
Epidemiologic Transition Stage 1
Pestilence & famine (e.g., Black Plague).
Epidemiologic Transition Stage 2
Receding pandemics (e.g., cholera in industrial cities).
Epidemiologic Transition Stage 3 & 4
Degenerative diseases (e.g., heart disease, cancer).
Epidemiologic Transition Stage 5
Reemergence of infectious diseases (e.g., antibiotic resistance).
