Unit 2 (AP) Flashcards

Question

Provide some examples of executive actions/agreements

Answer 1

ex: executive agreement: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into with congressional authority, negotiated by president then submitted to Congress for approval US and Mexico created large free trade for imports and exports between the country for goods and services ex: executive action trump can make an executive order to build a wall, but it is up to congress to appropriate funds for it to actually happen

Answer 2

nominate judges

Answer 3

may veto bills, may adjourn Congress in certain situations

Answer 4

intended to check the president's power to commit the US to an armed conflict without the consent of the senate It provides that the U.S. President can send U.S. Armed Forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress has been violated

Answer 5

president -VP-president of the Senate; breaks tie votes -white house staff: provide for needs within the white house executive departments: the cabinet, includes defense, education, homeland security executive office: supports the work of the President, ex: office of management budget independent agencies: ex: EPA, FCC;

Answer 6

cabinet department independent regulatory commission government corporations independent executive agencies

Answer 7

they are appointed based on the merit principle (used to be based on patronage but pendleton civil service act banned that) president and congress have a say in hiring head officials of agencies NOT elected by the people

Answer 8

cabinet department -15, each headed by a secretary independent regulatory commission -gov agency with responsibility for making and enforcing rules to protect public interest in some sector of economy and for judging disputes over rules government corporations -gov organizations that provides a service that could be delivered by the private sector and typically charges for its service (postal service) independent executive agencies -gov agencies not accounted for by cabinet departments. admin appointed by president and serve at president's pleasure (NASA)

Answer 9

factors that can cause failure.. -program design -lack of clarity -administrative routine -administration's dispositions -lack of resources -lack of authority -fragmentation so opposite of ^^ = effective implementation of public policy

Answer 10

president -appoint people to head agency -issue orders (executive order) -alter budget -reorganize agency congress -influencing appointment of agency heads -alter agency's budget -hold hearings -rewrite legislation or make it more detailed

Answer 11

also known as sub governments, mutually dependent and advantageous relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups and congressional committees or subcommittees. dominate some areas of domestic policy making

Answer 12

Congress passes the bills to make them laws, bureaucracies actually implement the laws into the public

Answer 13

a proposed law presented to a legislative body for consideration, drafted in legal languages, house or reps or senate has to formally submit for consideration (anyone can draft one)

Answer 14

a person whom a member of Congress has been elected to represent;divided government one party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress

Answer 15

An administrative agency within the executive branch of government. At the federal level, executive agencies are those within the cabinet departments.

Answer 16

reviews all bills coming from a House committee before they go to the full House and schedules before full house

Answer 17

The House of Representatives committee that, along with the Senate Finance Committee, writes the tax codes, subject to the approval of Congress as a whole.

Answer 18

individuals who already hold office, in congressional elections, incumbents usually win

Answer 19

partisan ally of speaker of house, majority party's manager in senate, responsible in each house for scheduling bills, influencing committee assignments, and rounding up votes on behalf of party's legislative positions

Answer 20

The principal leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate.

Answer 21

a model of representation in which representatives feel at liberty to act in the way they believe is best for their constituents

Answer 22

the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public

Answer 23

Passed in 1951, the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office.

Answer 24

law passed in 1973 the requires presidents to consult with congress whenever possible prior to using military force and to withdraw forces after 60 days unless congress declares war or authorizes an extension

Answer 25

A system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create a nonpartisan government service.

Answer 26

The lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities

Answer 27

government organization that provides a service that could be delivered by a private sector and typically charges for its service (ex: Postal Service)

Answer 28

A network of groups within the American political system that exercise a great deal of control over specific policy areas. They are composed of interest group leaders interested in a particular policy, the government agency in charge of administering that policy, and the members of congressional committees and subcommittees handling that policy.

Answer 29

the stage of policymaking between the establishment of a policy and the consequences of the policy for the people whom it affects. It involves translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an operating, ongoing program.

Answer 30

An elite cadre of about 9,000 federal government managers at the top of the civil service system.

Answer 31

A representative who votes based on what they think is best for their constituency

Answer 32

a type of representation in which representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents It is based on the principle that if two individuals are similar in background, character, interests, and perspectives, then one can correctly represent the other's views

Answer 33

a type of representation in which a representative is held accountable to a constituency if he or she fails to represent that constituency properly this is incentive for the representative to provide good representation when his or her personal background, views, and interests differ from those of their constituency

Answer 34

appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created so that local representatives can win re-election in their home districts

Answer 35

the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives this happens every 10 years to reflect shifts in population

Answer 36

drawing legislative districts in such a way to give unfair advantage to a political party or one racial or ethnic group

Answer 37

a gathering of House Republicans every two years to elect their House leaders Democrats call their gathering the "caucus"

Answer 38

a normally closed political party business meeting of citizens or lawmakers to select candidates, elect officers, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters

Answer 39

the chief presiding officer of the House of Representatives. The Speaker is the most important party and House leader, and can influence the legislative agenda, the fate of individual pieces of legislation, and members' positions within the House

Answer 40

a party member in the House or Senate responsible for coordinating the party's legislative strategy, building support for key issues, and counting votes

Answer 41

a permanent committee with the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject, such as finance or agriculture

Answer 42

the session in which a congressional committee rewrites legislation to incorporate changes discussed during hearings on a bill

Answer 43

temporary legislative committees set up to highlight or investigate a particular issue or address an issue not within the jurisdiction of existing committees

Answer 44

legislative committees formed of members of both the House and Senate

Answer 45

joint committees created to work out a compromise on House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation

Answer 46

the ranking given to an individual on the basis of length of continuous service on a committee in Congress

Answer 47

legislative support agencies responsible for policy analysis

Answer 48

a provision by the House Rules Committee that permits floor debate and the addition of amendments to a bill

Answer 49

a provision by the House Rules Committee limiting or prohibiting the introduction of amendments during debate

Answer 50

a tactic used by members of the Senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down once given the floor, senators have unlimited time to speak, and it requires a vote of three-fifths of the Senate to end a filibuster

Answer 51

a rule or process in a legislative body aimed at ending debate on a given bill in the U.S. Senate, 60 senators (three-fifths) must agree in order to impose a time limit and end debate

Answer 52

a vote in which each legislator's yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of the members alphabetically

Answer 53

the president's constitutional power to turn down acts of Congress. A presidential veto may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress

Answer 54

a presidential veto that is automatically triggered if the president does not act on a given piece of legislation passed during the final 10 days of a legislative session

Answer 55

the practice of referring a bill to more than one committee for consideration

Answer 56

a roll-call vote in the House or Senate in which at least 50 percent of the members of one party take a particular position and are opposed by at least 50 percent of the members of the other party

Answer 57

the effort by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies

Answer 58

the formal charge by the House of Representatives that a government official has committed "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"; House acts as a grand jury the trial occurs in the Senate with the Senators acting as the jury

Answer 59

specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II)

Answer 60

an agreement, made between the president and another country, that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate's "advice and consent"

Answer 61

the claim that confidential communications between a president and close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president

Answer 62

powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers

Answer 63

constitutional powers that are assigned to one governmental agency but that are exercised by another agency with the express permission of the first

Answer 64

powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it

Answer 65

the secretaries, or chief administrators, of the major departments of the federal government. Cabinet secretaries are appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate

Answer 66

analysts and advisers to the president, each of whom is often given the title "special assistant"

Answer 67

the permanent agencies that performed defined management tasks for the president (includes the Office of Management and Budget, the Council of Economic Advisers, the National Security Council, and other agencies)

Answer 68

a rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of legislation

Answer 69

the complex structure of offices, tasks, rules, and principles of organization that are employed by all large-scale institutions to coordinate the work of their personnel

Answer 70

the efforts of departments and agencies to translate laws into specific bureaucratic rules and actions

Answer 71

a conflict in priorities between an actor and the representative authorized to act on the actor's behalf

Answer 72

the 15 departments in the executive branch headed by Cabinet secretaries and constituting the majority of the federal bureaucracy

Answer 73

a product of civil service reform, in which appointees to positions in public bureaucracies must objectively be deemed qualified for those positions

Answer 74

The presidentially appointed layer of the bureaucracy on top of the civil service

Answer 75

the process by which a formerly public service becomes a service provided by a private company but paid for by the government

Answer 76

the agency in the Executive Office of the President with control over the federal budget and regulations

Answer 77

regular or even preemptive congressional hearings on bureaucratic agency operations

Answer 78

episodic, as-needed congressional hearings on bureaucratic agency operations, usually prompted by media attention or advocacy group complaints

Answer 79

independent audit organizations located in most federal agencies

Answer 80

employees who report wrongdoing in public or private organizations, including federal agencies

Answer 81

a form of government failure in which regulatory agencies become too sympathetic to interests or businesses they are supposed to regulate

Answer 82

the branch of law that regulates the conduct of individuals, defines crimes, and specifies punishment for proscribed conduct

Answer 83

the individual or organization that brings a complaint in court

Answer 84

the one against whom a complaint is brought in a criminal or civil case

Answer 85

the branch of law that deals with disputes that do not involve criminal penalties

Answer 86

prior case whose principles are used by judges as the basis for their decision in a present case

Answer 87

the first court to hear a criminal or civil case

Answer 88

a court that hears appeals of trial court decisions

Answer 89

the highest court in a particular state or in the United States this court primarily serves an appellate function

Answer 90

a negotiated agreement in a criminal case in which a defendant agrees to plead guilty in return for the state's agreement to reduce the severity of the criminal charge or prison sentence the defendant is facing

Answer 91

the sphere of a court's power and authority

Answer 92

the authority to initially consider a case;distinguished from appellate jurisdiction, which is the authority to hear appeals from a lower court's decision

Answer 93

the right of every individual against arbitrary action by national or state governments

Answer 94

a court order that the individuals in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention habeas corpus is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion

Answer 95

justice on the Supreme Court who presides over the Court's public sessions and whose official title is "chief justice of the United States"

Answer 96

a legal action by which a group or class of individuals with common interests can file a suit on behalf of everyone who shares that interest

Answer 97

the power of the courts to review actions of the legislative and executive branches and, if necessary, declare them invalid or unconstitutional the Supreme Court asserted this power in Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Answer 98

Article VI of the Constitution, which states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme law of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision

Answer 99

the right of an individual or organization to initiate a court case, on the basis of their having a substantial stake in the outcome

Answer 100

a criterion used by courts to screen cases that no longer require resolution

Answer 101

a court process to seek judicial review of a decision of a lower court or government agency certiorari is Latin, meaning "to make more certain"

Answer 102

a decision of at least four of the nine Supreme Court justices to review a decision of a lower court

Answer 103

the top government lawyer in all cases before the Supreme Court where the government is a party

Answer 104

literally, "friend of the court" individuals or groups who are not parties to a lawsuit but who seek to assist the Supreme Court in reaching a decision by presenting additional briefs

Answer 105

written documents in which attorneys explain, using case precedents, why the court should find in favor of their client

Answer 106

the stage in the Supreme Court procedure in which attorneys for both sides appear before the Court to present their positions and answer questions posed by the justices

Answer 107

the written explanation of the Supreme Court's decision in a particular case

Answer 108

a written opinion by a judge agreeing with the majority opinion but giving different reasons for the decision

Answer 109

a decision written by a justice in the minority in a particular case, in which the justice wishes to express the reasoning for dissenting in the case

Answer 110

deciding cases on the rules and principles set forth in previous court rulings stare decisis is Latin meaning "to let the decision stand"

Answer 111

judicial philosophy whose adherents refuse to go beyond the clear words of the Constitution in interpreting the document's meaning

Answer 112

judicial philosophy that posits that the Court should go beyond the words of the Constitution or a statute to consider the broader societal implications of its decisions