Unit 2 AOS 1 - Pollution Flashcards
Pollution
When a substance entering or being present in an environment has harmful or poisonous effects
Pollutant
The substance that pollutes.
Dispersal
How pollutants enter the environment
Primary pollutants
Substances released into environment directly from a polluting source. (fossil fuels)
Heavy metals
A metal with an atomic mass greater than that of calcium (mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic)
Waste
A substance discarded after being deemed no longer useful after the completion of a process. Can become a pollutant if not treated properly (but may not)
Contaminant
A substance present where is does not naturally occur
Pollutant (regarding contaminants)
Contaminant that can result in adverse biological effects to resident biota.
Secondary pollutants
Formed by chemical changes to primary pollutants
What are some atmospheric pollutants (gases)
Gases like:
- CO2
- Carbon monoxide
- nitrogen dioxide
- sulfur dioxide
- ozone
- VOCS
- particulate matter
Water pollution
Caused b a substance that enters waterways at excessive levels
Terrestrial pollution
Imbalance in natural systems caused by humans
Noise pollution
Continuous or recurrent noise that is annoying or physically harmful.
Thermal pollution
Heat from hot water that is discharged from a power plant or factory into a river or lake that can be fatal to aquatic life
Direct pollution
Discharging a pollutant directly from the source into the environment
Point source emissions
Pollutants that come from a single discharge point, like a chimney.
Pollutant sink
process or place that removes a pollutants from the biogeochemical cycle by either storing it for a long time, or turning it into another substance.
Biomagnification
The increasing concentration of a chemical in organisms as it goes up the food chain
Mercury
Naturally occurring heavy metal found in three forms: organic, inorganic, and elemental (metallic)
Indirect pollution
When a pollutant finds its way indirectly into an environment. (nitrogen run-off)
Diffuse source emissions
Enters the environment across a broad area (like fertiliser run-off)
Fugitive emissions
Escape from an instrument or facility separate to any designated outlets
Bioaccumulation
When an organism takes in a substance faster than the body can remove it and the amount of substance in the body increases over time
Bioconcentration
A type of bioaccumulation.
a chemical taken directly from the environment, but not through food.
Local impacts
Small scale impact - affects an area of a few square kms
Global impacts
global and international impact
Inhaled
Taken in through the lungs and absorbed through the membrane surfaces into the bloodstream
Dermal absorption
Absorbed through the skin
Endocrine disruptors
Synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals that affect the hormonal systems in animals
Environmental hazards
Defined as factors of the environment which threaten or impair human health in some way
Regional impacts
large yet distinct are of impact
Exposure
A measure of how much of a pollutant a person is exposed to in a given time