Unit 2 AOS 1 Flashcards
What is people perception?
People perception refers to the mental processes we use to think about and evaluate other people. It can be shaped by physical cues as well as salient characteristics.
What is attribution?
Attribution is an evaluation made about the causes of a person’s behavior and the process of making that evaluation.
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)?
The Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) is the tendency to over-emphasize internal characteristics and ignore external factors when explaining other people’s behavior.
What is actor-observer bias?
Actor-observer bias is the tendency for us to explain our own behaviors in terms of external factors, and the actions of others to internal factors.
What is an attitude?
An attitude is an evaluation that a person makes about other people, objects, issues, or any other things.
What is the ABC of Attitudes?
The ABC of Attitudes is a tri-component model representing the concept of an attitude: A- Affective (emotional component), B- Behavioral (actions taken), C- Cognitive (thoughts and beliefs).
What is a stereotype?
A stereotype is a widely held belief and generalization about a group, such as people, animals, or objects.
What is cognitive dissonance?
Cognitive dissonance is the psychological tension that occurs when our thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors do not align with one another.
What are cognitive biases?
Cognitive biases are systematic errors in judgment and faulty decision-making that are not rational or based on objective reality.
What is confirmation bias?
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for and accept information that supports our prior beliefs/behaviors and ignore contradictory information.
What is self-serving bias?
Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute positive success to our internal character/actions and attribute our failures to external factors or situations.
What is false-consensus bias?
False-consensus bias is the tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people share the same ideas and attitudes as we do.
What is the halo effect?
The halo effect is the tendency for the impression we form about one quality of a person to influence our overall beliefs about the person in other respects.
What are heuristics?
Heuristics are information processing strategies or ‘mental shortcuts’ that enable individuals to form judgments, make decisions, and solve problems quickly and efficiently.
What is anchoring heuristics?
Anchoring heuristics is an information processing strategy that involves forming judgments based on the first piece of information you receive about an idea or concept.
What is availability heuristic?
Availability heuristic is an information-processing strategy that enables individuals to make a decision based on information that is easily accessible.
What is affect heuristic?
Affect heuristic is an information-processing strategy that involves using emotions to make a judgment or decision.
What is representative heuristic?
Representative heuristic is an information-processing strategy that involves making a categorical judgment about an idea/person based on their similarity to other items in that category.
What is prejudice?
Prejudice is an often negative preconception held against people within a certain group or social category. Stereotypes can fuel prejudice.
What is discrimination?
Discrimination is the unjust treatment of people due to their membership within a certain social category.
What is direct discrimination?
Direct discrimination involves treating someone unfavorably due to a particular attribute.
What is indirect discrimination?
Indirect discrimination involves a situation that appears neutral but disadvantages someone due to an attribute.
What is stigma?
Stigma is the feeling of shame experienced by an individual for a characteristic that differentiates them from others.
What is mental wellbeing?
Mental wellbeing is an individual’s current psychological state, involving their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions.
What are methods for reducing prejudice?
Methods for reducing prejudice include: 1. Laws 2. Social Media 3. Education 4. Inter-group Contact.
What are laws in the context of reducing prejudice?
Laws are safeguards that help protect the social and personal wellbeing of the members of minority groups.
How does social media help reduce prejudice?
Social media provides a voice to many who may not have adequate representation in traditional media and can heighten awareness of prejudice and discrimination.
How does education help reduce prejudice?
Education provides information about groups of which we may have limited knowledge/interaction and addresses misconceptions.
What is inter-group contact?
Inter-group contact involves prolonged interaction with mutual interdependence, sharing a superordinate goal, and equality of status.
What is base-rate fallacy?
Base-rate fallacy is a tendency to make decisions being more heavily influenced by memorable information rather than factual information.
What is mutual interdependence?
Mutual interdependence means that both/all groups must rely on one another.
What is a superordinate goal?
A superordinate goal is a goal that cannot be achieved by any one group alone and overrides other existing goals.
What is a group?
A group is two or more members who interact with one another and have a shared purpose or goal.
What is an ingroup?
An ingroup is a group with whom we identify.
What is an outgroup?
An outgroup is a group with whom we don’t identify.
What is a norm?
A norm is a rule that outlines appropriate behaviour.
What are formal group norms?
Formal group norms are explicitly stated rules or regulations.
What are informal group norms?
Informal group norms are inferred.
What is social loafing?
Social loafing is an individual’s reduction in effort when work is performed in a group compared to individually, due to the belief that others will put in the effort.
What factors increase social loafing?
Factors increasing social loafing include larger group size, difficulty of task, and lack of meaning.
What factors decrease social loafing?
Factors decreasing social loafing include small group size, clear identification of individual contributions, and meaningful group interaction.
What is Social Identity Theory (SIT)?
SIT establishes that we seek self-esteem from our group memberships by social comparison.
What is culture?
Culture refers to the customs, behaviours, and values of a particular group in society.
What is obedience?
Obedience occurs when we follow the commands of someone with authority or the laws of our society, even if we don’t want to.
What factors affect obedience?
Factors affecting obedience include the status of the authority figure, proximity to the authority figure, and group pressure.
What is conformity?
Conformity is adjusting one’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviours to match those of a social group or situation.
What factors affect conformity?
Factors affecting conformity include social norms, groupthink, group shift, deindividuation, normative influence, informational influence, group size, and unanimity.
What are the two types of media?
The two types of media are print (physical form) and digital (electronic format).
What is social connection?
Social connection is the network of people available to someone for support and engagement.
What are positive influences of social connection on individuals?
Positive influences include increased access to support, perspectives beyond immediate social groups, and sustaining friendships despite distance.
What are negative influences of social connection on individuals?
Negative influences include pressure to stay connected (FOMO), lack of depth in connections, and catfishing/deception.
What are positive influences of social connection on groups?
Positive influences include the ability to create communities to mobilise change.
What are negative influences of social connection on groups?
Negative influences include conformity.
What is social comparison?
Social comparison is the proposal that humans measure their self-worth in relation to others, impacting mental wellbeing.
What are positive influences of social comparison on individuals?
Positive influences include high self-esteem.
What are negative influences of social comparison on individuals?
Negative influences include forming unrealistic expectations, lowered self-esteem, and encouraging idealised portrayals.
What are positive influences of social comparison on groups?
Positive influences include sharing positive behaviours or change.
What are negative influences of social comparison on groups?
Negative influences include societal beauty standards.
What are addictive behaviours?
Addictive behaviours are associated with dependence on a stimulus despite negative consequences.
What is information access?
Information access refers to how easily information can be accessed by different people.
What is independence?
Independence is being free from the control and influence of others.
What is self-determination?
Self-determination is the ability to engage in behaviours without external influence.
What are the three psychological needs for self-determination?
The three psychological needs are autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
What is anti-conformity?
Anti-conformity is the deliberate refusal to comply with social norms that one disagrees with.
What are reasons for anti-conformity to arise?
Reasons include the desire to promote change, reactance, individuation, and social support.
