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Psychology > Unit 2 AOS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 AOS 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social cognition?

A

Relates to the way we behave in social settings and also how we interpret the behavior of others.

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2
Q

What is person perception?

A

It is the process by which people think about, appraise and evaluate others. E.g. If someone is friendly, we are more likely to help them out.

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3
Q

What are physical cues?

A

such as physical appearance, facial expressions and overall manner serve as signals that allow us to draw conclusions about a person.

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4
Q

What is Saliency detection?

A

Refers to the tendency to notice physical features that are unique, novel or stand out from the norm.

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5
Q

What is social categorization?

A

Social categorization helps individuals simplify their complex social world by making assumptions about an individual’s supposed beliefs and behaviors based on their social category

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6
Q

What are attributions?

A

Attribution is the process of assigning causes for our own behavior, behavior of other and event we witness. Humans have a need to know why things happens, attribute cause to behavior.

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7
Q

What are the two types of attributions?

A

-Internal or Dispositional Factors
-External or Situational Factors

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8
Q

What is Internal/Dispositional Factors?

A

When a dispositional attribution is made, the cause of the given behavior is within the person. E.g. He scored well on an exam because he is smart

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9
Q

What is External/Situational Factors?

A

When a situational attribution is made, the cause of the given behavior is assigned to the situation. E.g. He scored well because it was an easy test.

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10
Q

What is Fundamental Attribution Error?

A

Overestimating the personal causes for other’s behavior while underestimating the situational causes.

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11
Q

What is Self-Serving Bias?

A

Attributing personal success to internal factors and personal failure to external factors.

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12
Q

Dispositional attributions of successful behavior provide?

A

Self-enhancement

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13
Q

Situational attributions of unsuccessful behavior provide

A

Self protection

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14
Q

What are attitudes?

A

Attitudes are learned ideas we hold about ourselves, others, objects and experiences. Attitudes are not innate. They are learned through exposure to the environment and can cause a person to respond in a positive or negative way.

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15
Q

What are the three elements that contribute to attitude formation?

A

Tri-Component Model of Attitudes - Affective component
Behavioral component
Cognitive component

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16
Q

What is the affective compnent?

A

Feelings

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17
Q

What is the behavioral component?

A

Actions

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18
Q

What is the cognitive component?

A

Beliefs

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19
Q

Limitations of the Tri-Component Model?

A

A person’s behavior doesn’t always have to reflect their attitude and vice versa.

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20
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable state when attitude and behavior are at odds. We try to decrease this by changing either attitude or the behavior.

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21
Q

What is stereotyping?

A

-A widely held generalization about a group of people

-A cognitive process whereby a set of characteristics is attributed to all members of a group.

-Stereotypes are often oversimplified images of people who belong to a particular group.

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22
Q

What is cognitive bias?

A

Cognitive bias is systematic error (consistent mistake) that occur in our decision making.

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23
Q

How does cognitive bias helps avoid cognitive dissonance?

A

.

24
Q

What is the Halo effect?

A

Occurs when the positive evaluation we hold about one quality of a person influences our beliefs and expectations regarding other qualities of that person.

25
Q

What is Dunning-Kruger Effect?

A

Occurs when people with low ability at a task overestimate their own skill set, and that people with high ability at a task underestimate their own skill set.

26
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Heuristics are mental shortcuts used to make quicker and more efficient decisions. Heuristics are decisions that are made without critically evaluating it first.

27
Q

What are the positives of heuristics?

A

They reduce cognitive load that is normally required in decision making
Snap judgements can be made that save time and mental effort
It simplifies complex information

28
Q

What are the negatives of heuristics?

A

Negatives include errors and biases when making decisions.

29
Q

What are the 3 types of heuristics?

A

Availability, Representative and Affect

30
Q

What is availability heuristic?

A

Decision based on what first comes to mind or info that is readily available. E.g assuming if someone drives a car, they must be wealthy.

31
Q

What is representative heuristic?

A

Basing decisions on existing understanding of the world. E.g. assuming someone reads and wears glasses is more likely to be a librarian than a proffesor.

32
Q

What is affect heuristic?

A

Decisions influenced by emotional state. E.g. going with your gut.

33
Q

Explain how heuristics influence decision-making and problem-solving?

A

Heuristics influence decision-making and problem-solving by providing mental shortcuts that allow individuals to make quick judgments or reach conclusions without engaging deep thinking.

34
Q

What is prejudice?

A

The preconceived notion that we hold towards an individual due to their membership in a particular group

35
Q

What is discrimination?

A

The action of being prejudiced or treating others in an unfair manner based on the negative attitudes held about that person or the group to which they belong to.

36
Q

What is stigma?

A

Stigma refers to the negative attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes that society holds towards individuals or groups who are perceived as different or deviating from societal norms. It often leads to social exclusion, discrimination, and marginalization of those affected by stigma.

37
Q

What is direct discrimination?

A

A person or group is treated less favourably than another person or group because of their background or certain personal characteristics.

38
Q

What is indirect discrimination?

A

An unreasonable rule or policy that is the same for everyone but has an unfair effect on a particular group.

39
Q

What are ways to reduce racism?

A

Through Intergroup Contact, Sustained Contact, Superordinate goals and Mutual Independence

40
Q

What is a group?

A

A group is formed when two or -more people:interact, influence each and
share a common objective/goal

41
Q

What is status?

A

Status refers to a person’s position in the hierarchy of a group
A person’s status can determine their degree of influence over others

42
Q

What is social power?

A

Social power refers to the amount of influence that an individual can exert over another person

43
Q

Describe the impact of culture on individual behavior

A

The culture in which we live also greatly shapes our behavior
The influence of culture can be seen in the way we are raised, the way we tend to behave as teenagers and adults and even who we choose to marry.

44
Q

Describe the impact social groups on individual behavior

A

Social groups establish norms, rules, and expectations that guide the behavior of their members. Individuals tend to conform to these norms as they seek acceptance and approval from the group.

45
Q

What is obedience?

A

Obedience occurs when people change their behaviour in response to direct commands from others.
Examples: picking up rubbish when asked, despite not dropping it. Obedience requires a direct command.

46
Q

What is conformity?

A

Conformity occurs in situations in which individuals change their behavior as the result of real or implied pressure from others.

47
Q

Study conducted by Milgram

A

Milgram’s study on obedience to authority involved participants being instructed by an experimenter to administer electric shocks of increasing intensity to a “learner” (who was actually an actor) whenever they answered questions incorrectly. Despite hearing cries of pain from the learner, many participants continued administering shocks simply because they were told to do so by the authoritative figure conducting the experiment. This demonstrated how individuals can be influenced and compelled into engaging in harmful actions under perceived legitimate authority.

48
Q

Study conducted by Asch

A

Asch’s conformity experiments explored how social pressure influences individual behavior and decision-making processes. Participants were shown lines of different lengths and asked which line matched a standard line length displayed earlier. However, unbeknownst to them, there were confederates who intentionally gave incorrect answers before it was their turn. The results showed that when faced with unanimous wrong responses from others in the group, many participants conformed even if it meant going against their own judgment or perception of reality.

49
Q

Explain how obedience and conformity have been found to influence individual behaviors

A

Both obedience and conformity can significantly influence individual behavior by shaping actions based on external commands or conforming with majority opinions rather than relying on personal values or independent judgment.

50
Q

Positives of media on individual and group behavior

A

-Able to maintain connections and communicate across geographic barriers
-Feel social inclusion for those who may be otherwise excluded in their day-to-day lives

51
Q

Negative of media on individual and group behavior

A

-Low self-esteem

52
Q

how media affects social connections, addictive behaviors, and information access

A

Media has a significant impact on social connections, addictive behaviors, and information access by enabling global connectivity while potentially leading to addiction or isolation; it also serves as a primary source of news and knowledge but requires critical thinking due to the prevalence of misinformation.

53
Q

Assess the impact of different media sources on people’s behavior and relationships

A

Different media sources, such as social media, news outlets, entertainment content, and advertising/marketing platforms have diverse impacts on people’s behavior and relationships by influencing self-esteem, social interactions, political beliefs, lifestyle choices purchasing decisions; it is crucial to exercise critical thinking when consuming information from various channels to mitigate potential negative effects.

54
Q

What is independence?

A

Independence occurs when an individual is aware of how the group expects them to behave or respond, but their decision-making is not swayed in any way by the expectations of the group.

55
Q

What is anti-conformity?

A

Deliberate refusal to comply with social norms as demonstrated by ideas, beliefs or judgements that challenge these social norms. Anti-conformity is not a genuine attempt to express one’s ideas of perspectives. It comes from a desire to be stubborn or rebellious.

56
Q

Explain how independence and anti-conformity empower individual decision-making when in groups

A

Independence and anti-conformity empower individual decision-making when in groups by allowing individuals to think critically, challenge group norms or majority opinions, and make decisions based on their own values rather than succumbing to social pressure. This can lead to more diverse perspectives within the group, encourage creativity & innovation while reducing potential for conformity bias/groupthink which may limit exploration of alternative solutions/ideas leading better outcomes

Psychology (2 decks)

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