unit 2 and 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Life
A
The quality of a system that has the ability to perform specific functions
2
Q
MRS GERM
A
Functions of life:
Moving
Respiratory
Sensing
Growing
Excreting
Reproducing
Metabolizing
3
Q
Organisms
A
Living beings that preform the functions of life
4
Q
Species
A
A group of organisms that share common characteristics and that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
5
Q
Classification
A
Knowledge system that organizes organisms into different taxa or group
6
Q
Binomial name
A
Scientific species name
7
Q
Genus
A
Group of species with similar characteristics
8
Q
Taxonomy
A
Classify organisms based on hierarchy of group
9
Q
Population
A
A group of individual organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time
10
Q
Biotic factors
A
Living components of an ecosystem
11
Q
Producers
A
Organisms that can produce their own food
12
Q
Examples of producers
A
Plants, algae
13
Q
Consumer
A
Organisms that ingest other organisms
14
Q
Herbivores
A
Consumer organisms that eats only plant matter
15
Q
Carnivores
A
Consumer organisms that only eat animal matter
16
Q
Omnivores
A
Consumer organisms that eat both plant and animal matter
17
Q
Decomposer
A
Organisms that break down dead and decaying matter
18
Q
Examples of decomposers
A
Bacteria, fungi
19
Q
Predation
A
A relationship where one organism is the predator and feeds on another organisms, prey
20
Q
Commensalism
A
A relationship where one species benefit and the other is unaffected
21
Q
Herbivory
A
A relationship between a herbivore organism that feeds on plant
22
Q
Mutualism
A
A relationship between two species where both benefits and non
23
Q
Paratism
A
A relationship between a parasite organism that gets resources from a host organism but they may harm the host in the process
24
Q
Disease
A
A departure from the normal state of functioning of any living organism that marked symptoms of illness
25
Competition
Where two or more organisms compete for the same finite resources
26
Intraspecific
Type of competition between organisms of the same species
27
Interspecific
Type of competition between different species
28
Abiotic factor
Non living components that may influence organisms
29
Examples of abiotic factors
Temperature, Sunlight, Water, pH
30
Niche
The role and position of a species in an ecosystem environment
31
Niche overlap
Occur between two species needing the same resources
32
Competitive exclusion
One species win and the other don’t get that resources
33
Resource partitioning
The division of limited resources by different species to reduce competition and allow for coexistence
34
Fundamental Niche
The potential niche a species could occupy and the set of conditions under which that species can survive
35
Realized Niche
Set of conditions actually used by the species after taking interactions with other species and limiting factors into account
36
Symbiosis
Biological interaction between two or more species
37
Carrying capacity
The maximum population size of a species that can be sustainably supported
38
Limiting factors
A source in the environment that can significantly affect a population's size if it becomes limited
39
Density independent factor
Limiting factors that do not depend on the size of a population and affect every population in the ecosystem
40
Examples of Density independent factor
Natural disasters, weather
41
Density dependent factor
Limiting factors that effect change based on the population density
42
Examples of density dependent factor
Competition, predation, diseases
43
J Curve
Exponential growth in population size through time
44
S Curve
Growth reaches steady state of equilibrium after exponential growth
45
Tipping point
Critical threshold at which a small change can have a dramatic effect on the overall system
46
Factors effecting human's limiting factors
Technological advancement, movement of resources, consumption, and the production of biodegradable waste
47
Motile
Organisms that can move by itself from one location to another
48
Random sampling
Gives every individual int he population an equal chance of selection
49
Pros of Random sampling
Easy, requires little materials, and eliminate biases
50
Cons of Random sampling
Not accurate representation of the whole population
51
Systemic sampling
Collects samples at a fixed space or regular intervals
52
Pros of Systemic sampling
Easy to use and representative where environmental gradient is present
53
Cons of Systemic sampling
Biased and unrepresentative patterns of informations
54
Transect sampling
Collect data along the transect line
55
Quadrant sampling
Use quadrant in a selected area from a larger area for sampling
56
Abundance
Number of organisms in the entire area
57
Density
Number of species per unit area
58
Percentage cover
Area covered by a species
59
Percentage frequency
number of occurrences/number of possible occurrences
60
Capture mark & release recapture
A method used to estimate the size of animal populations, involving capturing, marking, releasing, and then recapturing individuals to determine the proportion of marked to unmarked animals in the population
61
Lincoln index
(Number caught & marked in the first capture x total number of recaptured during the second capture)/ Number of animal marked in the second capture
62
Sustainability
The extent in which a practice allow for long term viability of a system without diminishment of conditions for the future generation
63
Resilience
A system's ability to recover when disturbed
64
Keystone species
A single species in an ecosystem that maintains its structure and function
65
Top down effect
When the predator is the keystone species
66
Foundation species
Species that shape communities by creating and enhancing habitat in some way
67
Indicator species
Species that serve as early warning of changes to a community because they are sensitive to change
68
Ecological succession
Gradual change in community composition over time in response to change
69
Primary ecological succession
Ecological succession that happens in a new place
70
Secondary ecological succession
Ecological succession that happens in a new place with some life already
71
Pioneer species
The first species to arrived
72
Trophic cascade
A change in one species affect the entire food web
73
Top down trophic cascade
Predator is the keystone species
74
Bottom up trophic cascade
Producers are the keystone species
75
Food chain
A linear model that shows the direct flow of matter and energy through trophic level
76
Producers
Organisms that convert inorganic compounds into organic compounds that can be used as food
77
Producers examples
Plants, algae
78
Autotrophs
Organisms that produce carbon compounds from inorganic compound (producers)
79
Primary producers
Organisms at the start of the food chain
80
Consumer
Organisms that feed on producers or other organisms
81
Heterotrophs
Consumers
82
Scavengers
Organisms that eat dead and decaying matter (not included in the food chain)
83
Decomposers
Organisms that obtain their nutrients from dead and decaying matter called detritus (not included in the food chain)
84
Detrivores
Decomposers that consume detritus through internal digestion
85
Saprotrophs
Decomposers that consume detritus through external digestion and then absorb the product
86
Trophic levels
Animals are grouped based on their feeding preferences to show its position in the energy transfer process
87
Order of trophic level
Primary consumers (plants) --> Primary Consumers (herbivores) --> Secondary consumer --> Tertiary consumer --> Quaternary consumer
88
First law of thermodynamics
Energy flows can be transformed but cannot be created or destroyed
89
Second law of thermodynamics
When energy is converted from one form to another, some energy is lost and efficiency of energy transfer decrease
90
Energy loss in the form of what?
Heat
91
Photosynthesis
Transformation of light energy to chemical energy
92
Chlorophyll
Green thing in the chloroplast that absorbs sunlight to turn into ATP (chemical energy)n
93
Photosynthesis byproduct
Oxygen
94
Photosynthesis light energy
Carbon dioxide (6) + Water (6)
95
Photosynthesis's product
Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (6)
96
Cellular Respiratory
Transformation of chemical energy stored within glucose bonds into chemical form that carry out active processes
97
Cellular Respiratory byproduct
CO2, H2O and thermal energy
98
Cellular Respiratory chemical energy
Glucose + oxygen (6)
99
Cellular respiratory's product
Carbon dioxide (6) + Water (6) + Energy
100
Food webs
Overlapping food chain that shows relationships between organisms and pathways of energy flow
101
Reasons for energy and matter loss
Incomplete consumption, inefficient digestion, inefficient energy conservation & storage, energy use in metabolic processes, and heat loss
102
Ecological efficiency
The efficiency with which energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next
103
Ecological efficiency formula
(Energy used for growth or biomass/energy supplied) x 100
104
Biomass
Total dry mass of living organisms in a given area
105
Units of biomass
gm^-2
106
Ecological pyramid
Trophic structure of an ecosystem
107
Ecological pyramid's length of bar meaning
Number of relative numbers
108
Relative number
Number of individuals at each level
109
Three types of ecological pyramids
Pyramid of numbers, biomass or energy
110
Unit for energy
KJm^-2yr^-1
111
Gross productivity (GP)
Total increase in biomass that an organism experience as a result of photosynthesis and consumption
112
GP formula
Food eaten - Feascal loss
113
Feascal loss
Energy and nutrient loss through excretion
114
Biomass unit
gm^-2yr^-1
115
Net productivity
The amount of energy remaining after accounting for all the losses due to respiration
116
NP formula
GP - Respiratory loss
117
Bioaccumulation
The gradual rise in concentration of pollutants in living things or in trophic level (single organism)
118
Biomagnification
The accumulation of pollutants along the food chain (by trophic level)
119
Carbon cycle
The way carbon is transferred and transformed through ecosystem storages
120
Carbon stores
Area where carbon accumulates over time through carbon sequestration
121
Carbon sequestration
Process of capturing gaseous and atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it in a solid or liquid form
122
Stores
An accumulation of matter, energy, and information in a system that is for long term storage
123
Equilibrium in a carbon cycle
When absorption of carbon is balanced by emmission
124
Residence time
The average time carbon atoms spends in a store
125
Examples of carbon stores
Atmosphere, ocean, soil
126
Carbon sinks
When carbon inflow to carbon store is greater than carbon outflow
127
Examples of carbon sinks
Ocean, forest, wetlands
128
Carbon sources
When carbon outflow is greater than inflow
129
Examples of carbon sources
Animals, deforestation, fossil fuel combustion, agriculture
130
Carbon flows
The movement of carbon through carbon cycle in an ecosystem
131
Agriculture as a carbon source
Fossil fuel powered machines, heavy tillage, monoculture, draining wetlands
132
Heavy tillage
Overturning and aeration of soil for new crops that ruins crop structure
133
Monoculture
Farming of a single crop over an extensive area that depletes soul and inhibits the return of CO2 to soil
134
Draining wetlands impact
Making more CO2 released into the atmosphere
135
Carbon sinks methods
Crop rotation, cover cropping, tillage and no till farming
136
Crop rotation
Alternating types of crops grown
137
Benefits of crop rotation
Improve soil health, manage pest and enhance crop yields
138
Over cropping
Planting specific crops in between the main crops
139
Benefits of over cropping
Protects & enriches soil, prevents erosion and enhance biodiversity
140
Tillage
Ploughing soil and digging to break up the soil to incorporate organic matter
141
Benefits of tillage
Enriches soil
142
No till farming
Crops planted in undisturbed soil
143
Benefits of no till farming
Reduce erosion and maintain soil structure
144
Ocean carbon sink because
Carbon dioxide absorbed into the ocean causing oceanic acidification
145
Ocean acidification
The process where increasing atmospheric CO₂ dissolves in seawater, forming carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), which lowers ocean pH
146
Impact of ocean acidification
Shells need carbonate ions to bond with calcium ions for protective shells but are now bond with H2O, causing biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse
147
System approach
Connections & interdependencies between parts of the system
148
Inputs of human population
Births and immigration
149
Outputs of human population
Deaths and emigration
150
Crude birth rate
Number of live births per thousand people per year
151
Crude birth rate formula
(number of live births a year/total midyear population) x 100
152
Immigration
Movement of people into an area or region
153
Immigration rate formula
(number of immigrants in a year/total midyear population) x 100
154
Crude death rate
Number of deaths per thousand people per year
155
Crude death rate formula
(number of deaths in year/total midyear population) x 100
156
Emigration
Movement of people out of a region or area
157
Emigration rate formula
(number of emigrants per year/total midyear population) x 100
158
Natural increase formula
Birth - Death
159
Net migration formula
Immigration - emigration
160
Other population indicators
Fertility rate, life expectancy, doubling time
161
Doubling time
The time it takes for the population to double in size
162
Fertility rate
The number of live births per 1,000 women within a specific age range
163
Demographic transition model (DTM)
Model illustrates the changing level of fertility and mortality in a human population over time
164
DTM Stage 1
High stationary: Low stable population, birth rate is high and death rate is also high
165
Characteristics of Stage 1
Farming and agriculture jobs, large families
166
DTM Stage 2
Early Expanding: Population increase at a high rate, birth rate is high and death rate is declining
167
Characteristics of Stage 2
Healthcare improves, families still have many children (due to delayed feedback loop)
168
DTM Stage 3
Late expanding: Population increase at a slower rate, birth rate decrease and death rate decrease but stabilize at a low rate
169
Characteristics of Stage 3
Less agriculture, less labor, education and female empowerment
170
DTM stage 4
Low stationary: Population stabilized, birth rate decline but stabilizing at a low rate and death rate is low & stable
171
Characteristics of Stage 4
Higher-income, less children, high development
172
DTM Stage 5
Declining: Population reaches capacity and decline, birth rate is low but stable and death rate is low (possibly increasing)
173
J Curve feedback loop
Positive feedback loop
174
S Curve feedback loop
Negative feedback loop
175
Age - sex pyramid
The distribution of age groups and gender for a country/region
176
Age - sex pyramid y axis
Age group
177
Age - sex pyramid x axis
Population percentage
178
Age - sex pyramid interpretation
Life expectancy, birth & death rate, child mortality, population growth
179
Factors affecting birth and fertility rate
Economic, Education, Social & Cultural, Health, Government policies
180
Direct population management policies
Controlling the population size
181
Direct population management policies examples
family planning programs, one-child policy, offer free healthcare/contraceptives
182
Indirect population management policies
Address the underlying issues
183
Indirect population management policies examples
Poverty management, free education, gender equality policies, security policies
184
Urban areas
Built-up areas with high population density, buildings, and infrastructure
185
Examples of urban areas
City, town, suburbs
186
Urban system inputs
Food, water, imports, infrastructure, raw materials, light energy, knowledge , ideas, education
187
Urban system outputs
Exports, waste, pollutants, heat energy
188
Urban system transfers
Transportation, run-offs, trading
189
Urban system transform
Combustion, evaporation, digestion, decomposing
190
Urban efficiency
The effective management of resources in a city to optimize functionality and sustainably
191
Activites and functions of a city
Defense, capital, law & order, trading hubs, manufacturing areas, tertiary & quaternary sectors, sources of jobs, goods/services, transportation hubs, religious centers, monuments & museums, corporation headquarters, centers of diversity & arts, media center, sources of basic essentials
192
Characteristics of a resilient urban area
1. Diverse abundant resources of energy, food and water
2. Diverse and abundant services
3. Robust and redundant infrastructure designed for disruptions
4. Diverse population and strong social networks
5. Strong governance and culture of innovation & adaptability
193
Rural area
Area with low density of population and dispersed settlement on the country side
194
Examples of rural area
Countryside, small towns, villages
195
Rural urban migration
Movement of people from rural to urban areas
196
Urbanization
The process of making a landscape more built up, industrialized and dominated by close human settlements
197
Internal migration
Movement of people within a country from one region to another
198
Urbanization push factor
Factor that encourages a population to leave its home
199
Voluntary migration
Migrants knowingly and willingly decide to leaver their country
200
Urbanization push factor examples
Better wages, jobs progression, education
201
Urbanization pull factor
Factor that draws a population to another area
202
Urbanization pull factor examples
Lack of basic needs, food scarcity, low wages
203
Forced migration
An involuntary movement of people away from their homes due to persecution, conflict, violence, human rights violation and other events
204
Suburbanization
The movement of people from inner urban areas to the outskirts of urban areas
205
Urban sprawl
The uncontrolled growth of urban areas into surrounding urban areas
206
Deurbanization
The process where people move away from urban areas back to rural areas
207
Impact of urbanization
Loss of forest & agricultural land, changes to natural ecosystem, water quality & river flows, air pollutions
208
Urban planning
The process of designing and organizing cities to make them livable and functional
209
Regenerative urban planning
Designs of cities which balance human needs and environmental stability
210
Persistence
Ability of a system to resist being distributed or change
211
Resistance
Ability of a system to keep its number and amid change
212
Phase shift
A community is unable to return to its original state, and shifts to a new one
213
Biophilic design
Concept aims to increase the connectivity between humans and natural environment, by using nature within urban spaces
214
Fundamental facilities in planning
Public works, community infrastructure, Transport, and well being
