Unit 2 Flashcards
Physical Development: Infancy
Birth to 2 years: Hold up head, roll over, reach for things, sit, crawl, begin to walk, increased coordination, manipulate objects with hands. By age 2 can feed themselves with hands, jump and run awkwardly, throw ball, use zipper, make tower of blocks.
Physical Development: Early Childhood
2-6 years. Toddlers love to run, hop , tumble, play, swing, fine motor skills developing, can string beads, do jigsaw puzzles. By age 4 can print name, dress and undress self, eat with utensils.
Physical Development: Middle Childhood
6-10 years. Slow, steady weight-gain, speed and coordination improve, begin organized sports, refinement of fine motor skills, improved handwriting, drawings more representational.
Physical Development: Adolescence
10-18 years. Girls begin puberty earlier, boys grow taller, boys more muscular, Girls’ physical growth slows, boys physical growth continues, reach sexual maturity.
Chomsky Language development
Theory of Universal Grammar–innate/biological; 4 stages: Babbling (birth to 11 months), One word/holophrastic (11 months to 1.5 years), Two word (1.5-2.5 years), and Telegraphic (2.5 years and older).
Skinner language development
Operant conditioning and language development; Children learn language based on reinforcement, imitating, prompting, shaping, associating words with meanings, and correct utterances are positively reinforced.
Vygotsky language development
Social approach to language development; Language develops through social interactions, children need interpersonal interaction, zone of proximal development (ZPD), scaffolding (temporary support), and private speech (talking to yourself).
Who is Erikson?
He developed the eight stages of identity development (psychosocial)
Trust vs Mistrust
Babies: Provide love, care food; need comfort and safety.
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
Toddlers: Need for independence; me do stage; insist on doing things on own.
Initiative vs Guilt
Preschool/Kinder: Exploration, asking lots of questions, trying new things on own
Industry vs Inferiority
Elementary: Intellectual curiosity, school performance, need positive reinforcement, praise, avoid undue competition or criticism.
Identity vs Role Confusion
Adolescents: Develop sense of self, influenced by other’s reactions, peers important, social role models important.
Intimacy vs Isolation
Young Adults: Best friends and soulmates, developing relationships, sense of self.
Kohlberg?
Studied moral development and created the stages of moral thinking and reasoning.
Preconventional
All about me. Doesn’t understand concept of rules, just follows. Avoid punishment, stay out of trouble. Receive reward, privileges, favors. Being obedient.
Conventional
All about rules or laws. Rules are set and unchangeable, black and white view of rules. Respect authority or policy. Be good citizen or student. Maintain social conventions, social order.
Postconventional
All about others. Rules or laws are flexible depending on context or situation. Obeys laws for the good of society. Considers people’s reasons for breaking rules or laws before judging or punishing. May break rules or laws to protect others or to protect rights.
Jean Piaget’s Theory
Include four stages of mental development. Focusses not just on acquired knowledge, but understanding the nature of intelligence.
Sensorimotor Stage
Birth to 2 years. The infant knows the world through their movements and sensations
Children learn about the world through basic actions such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listening
Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen (object permanence)
They are separate beings from the people and objects around them
They realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them
Preoperational Stage
2-7 years. Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects.
Children at this stage tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.
While they are getting better with language and thinking, they still tend to think about things in very concrete terms.
Concrete Operational Stage
7-11 years. During this stage, children begin to thinking logically about concrete events
They begin to understand the concept of conservation; that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass, for example
Their thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very concrete
Children begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle
Formal Operational Stage
12 years and up. At this stage, the adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems
Abstract thought emerges
Teens begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning
Begin to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to specific information
Zone of Proximal Development
The level of development just above where a learner is currently functioning.
Bandura
Concluded that we watch and learn (action over words) he believed in three models of learning and had four steps.
Bandura’s three models
- Live: demonstrates a behavior in a person. 2. Verbal: does not perform the behavior, but explains or describes it. 3. Symbolic: Can be fictional or real people who demonstrate behaviors in books, TV, movies, video games, or internet sources.
Bandura’s Four Steps
- Attention: be focused. 2. Retention: remember what you observed. 3. Reproduction: perform the behavior observed and committed to memory. 4. Motivation: Need to want to copy the behavior.
Vicarious Reinforcement
When you see positive reinforcement with the model and you are more motivated to copy.
Vicarious Punishment
When you observe the model being punished you are less motivated to copy.
Prosocial (positive) Models
Encourage socially acceptable behavior.
