Unit 2 Flashcards
What is an alkane
A hydrocarbon with One single bond between a hydrogen and carbon only
What is the general formula of a alkane
CnH2n+2
What does ‘Ane’ mean
It has a single bond
What is a alkene
It is something with a double bond between hydrogen and carbon only
What is the general formula of a alkene
CnH2n
What is a isomer
Molecules which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
Give some side chain names
Methyl (one carbon) ethyl (2 carbons) propyl(3 carbons)
How do you count a main chain with a alkene
Count from the side with the double bond
What are the 2 ways a isomer can be in a alkene
Where the double bond is
where the side branch is placed
Where do alkene isomer start and why
At butene otherwise they will be the same structural formula
How to show where the double bond is in a alkene
Shown In the name of a alkene using a number like
But-1-ene (if the double bond was at the side)
4 Rules of alkene isomers
Longest chain includes double bond
Main chain is numbered from end nearest to the double bond
If the double bond is in the middle means it doesn’t work
Side groups are named FIRST when you write down the name
What element can you not do a hydro carbon ring with?
Ethane
creates a double bond NOT a ring
When is it a cycloalkane
When the cycle alkene creates a ring with all single bonds
When is it a cycloalkene
When it creates a ring with one double bond
What is the general formula for alkynes
CnH2n-2
What is the general formula for cycloalkanes
CnH2n
What is the general formula for cycloalkenes
CnH2n-2
What is a endothermic reaction
Is when it takes in heat or energy
What is a exothermic reaction
When it gives out heat or energy
What happens to the bonds in combustion
It is when all bonds break
What does hydrocarbon + oxygen give you
Carbon dioxide and water
What is combustion
Combustion is the burning in air
it is a exothermic reaction
What equation does incomplete combustion make
Methane + oxygen makes carbon dioxide + water
How to test for carbon dioxide
See if it turn colourless to lime water cloudy
What is a addition reaction
It is the breaking the double bond in a alkene and breaks the bond of a diatomic element to create a addition reaction
What does unsaturated mean
Carbon to carbon double bond
What does saturated mean
Carbon to carbon to single bond
What does a alkane do to bromine water
It remains a orangey brown because there is no breaking of bonds
What does alkene do to bromine water
It changes bromine water to colourless because there is a breakup of bonds
Rules of a addition reaction
It has to be a diatomic element to add too
And it has to have a double bond
What Happens with a addition of water
When water is added to a alkene, alkanol (alcohol) is produced
What is the addition of water to a alkene called
Hydration
What is a addition of a halogen called
Halogenation
What is the test for unsaturation
Putting a alkene in bromine water
What is the addition reacting of hydrogen called
Hydrogenation
What is catalytic cracking
When hydrocarbons are going to be broken down into shorter chains and more useful molecules
What to do when setting up a catalytic cracking experiment
Boiling tube to be loosely clamped to stop suck back
What do you do after cracking
To seperate them you use fractional distillation
What are alcohols also known as
Alkanols
What group are the alcohols in
The homologous series
What is the general formula of alcohols
CnH2n+1OH
What is the most common alcohol
ethanol
Definition of homologous series
A group of chemically similar compounds which can be represented by a general formula
How do you count the main chain in alcohols
You count from the OH side
Are alcohols flammable
Yes they are flammable
they burn in oxygen to create a exothermic reaction
How to calculate the energy released when fuels burn
Energy released (Eh) = specific heat capacity (c) X mass is water X the change in temperature
How to get the mass in water
100cm=0.1 Kg so you divide it by 1000
Why is using a copper can better when measuring energy released
Because copper can conduct and make it hotter
Because if the use of a heat shield as it blocks out any drafts and helps heat not escape
Why is using a glass beaker worse when measuring the energy released
Because glass is a insulator
Because the tripod and heat are further away from each other
How do you tell if it’s in the carboxyl group
If it has a double bind is oxygen coming if it and OH also coming off it
What is the general formula for carboxylic acids
CnH2n+1COOH
What does molecules that are carboxylic acids end in
‘OIC acid’
What is the most widely used carboxylic acid
Vinegar
What family’s are all neutral
Alkanes alkenes and alcohols
What family is acidic
Carboxylic acid
Name a biofuel
Wood
What are alkanes often used for
Fuels
Are alkanes soluable or insoluble in water
In soluable in water
What are alkanes used for
Polymers and alchol
What happens as alcohols increase in size and why
Their melting and boiling points increase due to the strength of their intermolecular forces
Are alcohols and carboxylic acids saturated or unsaturated
Saturated
What happens in combustion
Substances react with oxygen and releases energy
What is the functional group for alcohols
Hydroxyl
What is the functional group for carboxylic acid
Carboxyl
