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BIO 311C > UNIT 2 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What determines the properties in proteins?

A

The specific amino acids in a polypeptide and the order in which they are joined.

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2
Q

The main types of nucleic acids are…

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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3
Q

What are Amino Acids?

A

Organic Compound that combines to form protein.

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4
Q

What is RNA?

A

A single strand of nucleotides with the bases Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine.

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5
Q

4 Different types of nucleotides DNA

A

The four types of nucleotides in DNA are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.

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6
Q

What’s Proteins?

A

Macromolecules unbranched from amino acids

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7
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Nucleic acids are compounds that are organic in living organisms which are responsible for passing on hereditary information.

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8
Q

What is produced during a dehydration reaction?

A

A chemical reaction between two compounds that produces water is a dehydration reaction. For example, if two reactants are combined where a hydrogen from one reactant binds to a hydroxyl group from the other reactant, it can produce a dimer and a water molecule.

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9
Q

DNA replication

A
  1. dna unwinds and unzips
  2. new nucleotides added
  3. 2 identical molecules result.
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10
Q

What is a Lipid?

A

A macro biomolecule that is considered a hydrophobic

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11
Q

What is DNA?

A

ultimately determines an organism’s traits and controls protein production

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12
Q

What is the dehydration synthesis?

A

Dehydration synthesis refers to the formation of larger molecules from smaller reactants, accompanied by the loss of a water molecule.

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13
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the carrier of genetic information.

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14
Q

What are Carbohydrates?

A

First the chemical formula is (CH2) times n where n is the number of carbons in the “carb”. Now carbohydrates is a compound of carbon, “carbo” and hydrogen and oxygen, “hydrate”. Carbs consist of 3 subtypes, monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

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15
Q

What are the 4 things organisms’ DNA contain?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

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16
Q

What is the difference between purine and pyrimidine?

A

Purines have a two-ring structure, and pyrimidine has one ring. Purine is the bigger of the two. The Purines in DNA are Adenine and Guanine, the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. In RNA the purines are the same as DNA, and they pyrimidines are uracil and cytosine. Uracil is the RNA substitute for thymine

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17
Q

What makes up the “backbone of the DNA molecule?

A

The backbone of DNA is based on a repeated pattern of a sugar group and a phosphate group. The full name of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, gives you the name of the sugar present - deoxyribose. Deoxyribose is a modified form of another sugar called ribose.

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18
Q

What base is missing on RNA, and what other base replaces it?

A

Thymine, it is replaced by Uracil, pairs with adenine

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19
Q

What are Carbohydrates?

A

First the chemical formula is (CH2) times n where n is the number of carbons in the “carb”. Now carbohydrates is a compound of carbon, “carbo” and hydrogen and oxygen, “hydrate”.

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20
Q

DNA nucleotide parts

A

5 carbon sugar, phostphate, nitrogen base

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21
Q

What is the shape of the DNA?

A

Double-Helix

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22
Q

What are the four nitrogen bases of DNA?

A

A, T,

C, G

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23
Q

enzyme that adds the complementary base pairs to DNA

A

DNA polymerase

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24
Q

Why is dehydration synthesis important?

A

Dehydration synthesis is important because it is the process by which many organic polymers are made.

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25
Q

What is dehydration synthesis reaction chemical formula?

A

RCO2H + R′OH ⇌ RCO2R′ + H2O

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26
Q

Where does dehydration synthesis occur?

A

In biological systems, dehydration synthesis reactions occur in every cell, especially since it is important for the formation of ATP.

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27
Q

How is dehydration synthesis used in the body?

A

The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts.

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28
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases of RNA?

A

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

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29
Q

Function of rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA

form an important part of both sub-units of the ribosomes; has binding sites that allow rRNA to interact with another RNA)

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30
Q

What are the 3 building blocks on the nucleotide?

A

Ribose, Phosphate Group, Nitrogenous Base

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31
Q

What is DNA?

A

Nucleic acid that is found in the in the nucleus primarily.

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32
Q

What is RNA?

A

Type of nucleic acid which forms with DNA and it functions with Ribosomes to form protein molecules.

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33
Q

What is replication?

A

Replication is the process which DNA duplicates itself and makes a new DNA molecule.

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34
Q

What is transcription?

A

Transcription is the process of making a messenger RNA from DNA

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35
Q

What are the different kinds of nitrogen bases in all nucleic acids?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil, and Guanine

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36
Q

Is RNA double or single strands?

A

Single Strands

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37
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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38
Q

What 2 things make up DNA?

A

Phosphate and Sugar

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39
Q

What element is found in proteins that is absent in carbohydrates and lipids?

A

Nitrogen

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40
Q

What is the primary structure sequence held together by?

A

Peptide Bonds

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41
Q

What maintains secondary structure?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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42
Q

Most of the amino acids in the cytoplasmic domain are what?

A

Hydrophilic

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43
Q

Where do you find the DNA

A

found in the cell’s nucleus as nuclear DNA

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44
Q

How is Base pairing connect to DNA

A

rule that describes how nucleotides form bonds in DNA; always bond with thymine, guanine, and cytosine

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45
Q

What is Replication

A

It is process by which DNA copied

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46
Q

What is Polypeptide

A

a peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids called tripeptides

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47
Q

DNA Function

A

The major function of DNA is to encode the sequence of amino acid residues in proteins, using the genetic code.

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48
Q

Chromosome

A

carries DNA/genetic information

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49
Q

RNA Function

A

Converts information stored in DNA into proteins

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50
Q

Building Blocks of DNA

A

Consists of a phosphate group, a sugar group, and one of 4 types of nitrogen bases.

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51
Q

What kind of bond occurs when dehydration synthesis occurs?

A

Covalent bonds

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52
Q

What happens when a hydrogen and hydroxyl group are removed during dehydration synthesis?

A

Allows the monomers to share electrons and form a covalent bond.

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53
Q

What happens during dehydration synthesis?

A

Either the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer releasing a molecule of water, or two hydrogens from one monomer combine with one oxygen from the other monomer releasing a molecule of water.

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54
Q

What other type is dehydration synthesis considered?

A

Condensation Reaction. (the loss of water molecule)

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55
Q

What’s a protein 🤔

A

Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids

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56
Q

At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups) most important?

A

Tertiary

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57
Q

What would be the impact of changing one amino acid in a polypeptide consisting of 325 amino acids?

A

The primary and tertiary structure would be altered. Along with the biological function of the protein.

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58
Q

What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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59
Q

Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?

A

peptide bonds

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60
Q

What do the monomers that are joined through a dehydration synthesis share?

A

Electrons.

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61
Q

Transcription from DNA to RNA: GGGATCATA

A

CCCUAGUAU

62
Q

RNA

A

Single-stranded nucleic acid that holds the sugar ribose.

63
Q

What do lipids produce?

A

They produce oils, fats, waxes, phospholipids, and sterols.

64
Q

Why are lipids important?

A

It’s a main molecule needed to maintain proper health of the human body.

65
Q

What do lipids do?

A

Lipids store energy, produce hormones and cell membranes.

66
Q

What is RNA is made up of?

A
  • 5-Carbon sugar
  • Phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous base
67
Q

Function of mRNA

A

Messenger RNA: - carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins (from DNA to the rest of the cell)
* 500-1000 nucleotides long

68
Q

Function of tRNA

A

Transfer RNA - carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to coded mRNA message (translates from language of nucleotides to language of amino acids and proteins)
* amino acid end and 3 nitrogenous base end

69
Q

Differences between RNA and DNA

A

1) DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded 2) DNA has the base thymine and RNA has the base uracil
3) DNA has deoxyribose for the sugar and RNA only has ribose

70
Q

What is a Ribosome?

A

The sequence of codons in the mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains.

71
Q

What is a chain of monomers called?

A

A polymer.

72
Q

What are some examples of dehydration synthesis?

A

Complex carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins.

73
Q

A carbohydrate composed of many sugar units is a ________

A

Polysaccharide

74
Q

What is a complex carbohydrate?

A

three or more simple sugars(monosaccharides)

75
Q

What is a Dissacharide?

A

carbohyrdate made up of two sugar units

76
Q

Examples of a Disaccharide are:

A

Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose

77
Q

Examples of a Monosaccaride are:

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

78
Q

What kind of bond does a dehydration synthesis form?

A

A covalent bond.

79
Q

What are proteins?

A

They are macro molecules made up of amino acids in a linear sequence

80
Q

What are the protein types?

A

Digestive enzymes, Transport, Structural, Hormones, Defense, Contractile, and Storage

81
Q

What are four types of bonds that contribute to tertiary structure of a protein ?

A

hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and sulfur-sulfur covalent bonds

82
Q

What type of bonds are in the primary structure?

A

Are peptide bonds

83
Q

What maintains the secondary structure?

A

hydrogen bonds

84
Q

What structure remains intact during denaturing?

A

The primary structure

85
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

a chemical bond formed between two molecules when a carboxyl group of one molecule that reacts with another amino group of a molecule, which releases water

86
Q

What does a protein consist of?

A

Two polypeptides chain one is heavy while the other one is short and sulfur bridges connecting portions

87
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

Every function in a living cell depends on proteins.
EX:
1. Structure of cells
2. Receptors for hormones/signaling molecules
3. transport of materials and body fluids

88
Q

What type of sugar is found in RNA?

A

Ribose

89
Q

What is the role of RNA?

A

RNA can catalyze chemical reactions, including joining amino acids to make proteins.

90
Q

How many RNA types are there?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA), and Transfer RNA (tRNA).

91
Q

What is the RNA structure?

A

RNA is usually a single-stranded molecule

92
Q

Dehydration synthesis reactions are also known as ________ ________.

A

Condensation reactions

93
Q

What are Peptide Bonds?

A

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds, forming a long chain which makes a polypeptide chain.

94
Q

complex biological molecules

A

Produces simple monomers by broken down into simple monomers by hydrolysis.

95
Q

Protein Structures

A

The four Structures are: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary,

Quaternary

96
Q

DNA & RNA protein function

A

DNA maintains the protein encoding: while RNA uses information to to enable cells to synthesize protein.

97
Q

The opposite of dehydration synthesis is ________.

A

Hydrolysis.

98
Q

What are Monosaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides are singular sweet sugars of carbs, the amount of carbons in mono’s are 3 to 7. The most common mono is Glucose.

99
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A

Disaccharides are a combination of 2 monosaccharides, by which they form through dehydration synthesis.

100
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides, poly meaning “many”, is a long chain of monosaccharides.

101
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates and is comprised of monomers of glucose.

102
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

Cellulose mostly comprises a plant’s cell wall. This provides the cell structural support. Wood and paper are mostly cellulosic in nature.

103
Q

Carbohydrates Dehydration Synthesis process?

A

In carbohydrates, the poly, and disaccharides synthesis through the hydroxyl (OH) in one mono, and the Hydrogen in the other mono combining forming a bond, and releasing water.

104
Q

Glycosidic Bonds?

A

Glycosidic bonds are the bonds that form in di and polysaccharides dehydration synthesis.

105
Q

Carbohydrates Alpha Bonds?

A

An Alpha bond is formed when the Hydroxyl (OH) group on the carbon-1 is below the ring plane (the molecule).

106
Q

Carbohydrates Beta Bonds?

A

Beta bond is formed when the Hydroxyl (OH) group on the carbon-1 is above the ring plane (the molecule).

107
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

Nucleic acids carry a cells genetic blueprint, and instructions for a cells function.

108
Q

What are nucleotides comprised of?

A

All nucleotides are formed with a Nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

109
Q

What is a purine?

A

Adenine and Guanine are both purines, the primary structure of the purine is two carbon-nitrogen rings, this is one half of the two types of nitrogenous bases.

110
Q

What is a pyramidine?

A

Thymine and Cytosine are both pyrimidines which are seen as which having a single carbon-nitrogen ring as their primary structure. This is the second half of nitrogenous bases.

111
Q

The structure of DNA

A

Purines and pyrimidines link up from 2 separate strands to form a double helix. The sugar and phosphate lie on the outside of the helix, forming the DNA’s backbone. Scientists call this an antiparallel orientation.

112
Q

Structure of DNA and RNA nucleotides:

A

They are composed of nucleotides that combine with each other (through hydrogen and phosphodiester bonds) to form a polynucleotide: DNA and RNA.

113
Q

Names of the nitrogenous bases:

A

The four nitrogenous bases that make up DNA are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. The four Nitrogenous bases that mke up RNA are Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine.

114
Q

Which nitrogenous bases bond?

A

Adenine always bonds with Thymine in DNA, and bonds with Uracil in RNA. Guanine bonds with Cytosine in RNA and DNA. These nitrogenous bases are bonded by hydrogen bonds.

115
Q

What are phosphodiester bonds in nucleotides?

A

In the synthesis of DNA and RNA, nucleotides are bonded by phosphodiester bonds that form between the hydroxyl group on the 3’ carbon and the phosphate group of the next nucleotide.

116
Q

Where can you find a lipid?

A

They are found in cell membranes, brain, cholesterol and blood cells.

117
Q

What is the formula of a lipid?

A

CH3(CH2)nCOOH

118
Q

What types of lipids are there?

A

fats, phospholipids, and steriods.

119
Q

How are lipids different?

A

They don’t dissolve in water like carbohydrates and proteins do.

120
Q

The hydrogen of one monomer combines with the _____ group of another monomer.

A

Hydroxyl

121
Q

Are dehydration reactions catalyzed?

A

Yes.

122
Q

What influences the shape of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids, which in turn influences the function.

123
Q

What enzyme does transcription require?

A

RNA polymerase.

124
Q

What influences the shape of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids, which in turn influences the function.

125
Q

What are the 4 different nitrogenous bases in RNA?

A

The four different bases in RNA are: adenine (A), cystosine (C), guanine (G) and uracil (U).

126
Q

Macro molecules are made from what?

A

Single subunits called monomers.

127
Q

How can lipids be negative?

A

Having a large amount of lipids in your bloodstream can build up making your arteries narrow and become prone to blood clots causing cardiovascular disease.

128
Q

lipids

A

Come from carbon and hydrogen atoms that are rich biomolecules.

129
Q

Lipid Monomers

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

130
Q

Elements in Lipids

A

Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H)

131
Q

What would we consider a Lipid?

A

oils, waxes, and fats

132
Q

Lipid Function

A
  • store energy
  • provide insulation
  • structual of cell membranes
133
Q

What is the function of a nucleic acid?

A

It carries information and by directing the process of protein synthesis

134
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

They’re made of polymers

135
Q

What are nucleic acids used for?

A

They’re used for storage and expression of genetic information

136
Q

What are nucleic acids found in?

A

It is found in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the mitochondria and chloroplasts

137
Q

How many types of nucleic acids do we have in our body?

A

We have two, DNA and RNA

138
Q

Can nucleic acids be digested?

A

Yes, they can be digested in the small intestine

139
Q

What describes the synthesis of Nucleic Acids?

A

Complementary pairing between the bases for copying nucleic acids.

140
Q

Three components that compromise each nucleotide

A
  • nitrogenous base,
  • pentose (five-carbon) sugar
  • phosphate group
141
Q

The structure of a double helix

A

The sugar and phosphate lie on the outside of the helix, forming the DNA’s backbone.

142
Q

How can dehydration reactions be defined?

A

A chemical reaction in which a water molecule is eliminated from the reactant molecule.

143
Q

How many layers of lipids are there in a plasma membrane?

A

two layers

144
Q

Why is dehydration synthesis important?

A

It is important because it is the process in which many organic polymers are made.

145
Q

3 Groups of Lipids

A

Phospholipids, Triglycerides, Sterols

146
Q

Properties of Lipids

A

Greasy, Insoluble in water, from living material

147
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Building block of most lipids

148
Q

3 Categories of Lipids

A

Saturated, Mono-Unsaturated, Poly- Unsaturated

149
Q

Saturated Lipid

A

Lipid that only contains one single bond

150
Q

Mono- Unsaturated Lipid

A

A lipid which contains one double bond

151
Q

Poly- Unsaturated Lipid

A

A lipid which contains multiple double bonds

BIO 311C (1 decks)

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