unit 2 Flashcards
___ in every ___ persons live in a high-poverty neighborhood
one in every 4
- at least 20% of the residents are poor based on federal poverty guidelines
Social and economic features of a neighborhood have been linked to what
- mortality
- general health status
- disability
- birth outcomes
- chronic conditions
- health behaviors
What are the 3 environments in a neighborhood that can influence overall health
- Physical environment
- build and natural environment - Service environment
- neighborhood resources directly or indirectly tied to health - Social environment
- social relationships among residents
The physical environment is separated into what
natural environment and built environment
Natural environment
physical conditions such as air, water and soil quality; hazardous substances, streets, sidewalks, buildings
Built environment
human-made such as bike paths, pedestrian bridges, cross walks
If the physical environment are not favorable for people to live in, it is extremely difficult to what
have the motivation, ability, and availability to engage in health behaviors
Lead poisoning in children can severely and permanently affect their what
mental and physical development
Community and street design interventions that improve walking and bicycling opportunities have been associated with what
increases in PA
Build environment attributes have been associated with what
crime, perceived safety, and health behaviors
– if you do not feel safe in neighborhood you are less likely to go outside and get PA
Who are particularly vulnerable growing up in disadvantaged communities?
children
What are some environmental factors that can have negative affects on children?
- environmental hazards (lead, pollution)
- aggressive advertising of alcohol and tobacco products
- lower quality child care options
- lack of safe and appealing places to play
- neighborhoods filled with crime, violence, and instability
Service conditions
features of the physical environment that provide services to the public such as schools, child care centers, grocery stores, public transportation systems, businesses, and parks
Transit service
important for daily life and can promote physical activity
Recreational facilities in low income and high-minority neighborhoods
low income and high minority neighborhoods are less likely to have PA facilities
large share of public transit riders are what
low-income, Hispanics, and seniors
Low-income neighborhoods often experience inferior what
transit service, overcrowding, and inconvenient routes
unreliable transportation can lead to what
late fees for child care, lower earnings, and possible job loss
Social conditions
The social relationships among community members, such as mutual trust and support
Social conditions in neighborhoods is the degree of what
mutual trust and feelings of connectedness among neighbors
If you have a good relationship with the people you live around, you are more likely to what
exchange information and work together to achieve common goals
collective efficacy
looking out for one-another
– the ability of members of a community to control the behavior of individuals and groups in the community.
What state has the lowest percentage of people living in poor neighborhoods
New Hampshire (2%)
There is a disparity of individuals living in poor neighborhoods as a result of what
history of segregation, redlining
Which states have the highest amount of people living in poor neighborhoods
Louisiana, Mississippi, Washington DC (42%)
Between 1970 and 2000, poor families became more likely to live where? and rich families become more likely to live where?
in neighborhoods with concentrated poverty; in neighborhoods with concentrated wealth
Who are more likely to live in poor neighborhoods
racial minorities – nearly half of all blacks like in poor neighborhoods compared with only 1 in 10 for whites
What racial minorities are more likely than whites to live in neighborhoods with concentrated poverty
blacks and latinos – even when household incomes are similar to those of whites
Residential segregation
sorts population groups into various neighborhood contexts and shapes the living environment at the neighborhood level
How can socioeconomic and racial/ethnic segregation can influence neighborhood conditions, and thus health in a variety of ways?
- funding and quality of public schools
- employment opportunities
- housing quality
- hazards (pollution, noise, and crime)
- municipal services
How might bringing retail food markets into disadvantages communities help improve health by making neighborhoods healthier
It may increase availability of affordable healthy food choices as well as create jobs
How might smart planning and zoning help improve health by making neighborhoods healthier
It may encourage the clustering of homes near shopping areas, public transportation, and employment possibilities
How might community realization help improve health by making neighborhoods healthier
It may promote neighborhood economic development, which may improve the physical, social and service environments
How might community organizing help improve health by making neighborhoods healthier
It may bring peopqle together to work collectively to improve neighborhoods
How might “Environmental Justice” interventions help improve health by making neighborhoods healthier
It may reduce toxic exposures in the physical environments
How might reducing residential segregations help improve health by making neighborhoods healthier
It may lead to enforcement of fair housing laws, expansion of affordable housing supplies and zoning measures
Racially and ethnically stigmatized people experience higher than average rates of what
illness, impairment, and death
What is one of the most powerful determinants of variations in health outcomes in the world
Socioeconomic status
What is a critical task in addressing health disparities
understanding SES uniquely - and in combination - and how they influence health outcomes
what race has a high SES profile
Asains
Levels of college graduation are almost twice as likely for what race compared to blacks and hispanics
whites
For every one dollar of median household income that whites have, blacks and hispanics have how many money?
blacks: 59 cents
hispanics: 70 cents
- - may be due to educational attainment and living in neighborhoods with low job opportunities
In both men and women, black people have a higher percentage of what
high BP compared to other races
Future research needs to examine how the levels, timing and accumulation of experiences of racial bias over the life course combine toxic stressors, to influence the onset and course
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