unit 2

Question 1

___ in every ___ persons live in a high-poverty neighborhood

Answer 1

one in every 4

- at least 20% of the residents are poor based on federal poverty guidelines

Question 2

Social and economic features of a neighborhood have been linked to what

Answer 2

• mortality
• general health status
• disability
• birth outcomes
• chronic conditions
• health behaviors

Question 3

What are the 3 environments in a neighborhood that can influence overall health

Answer 3

1. Physical environment
   - build and natural environment
2. Service environment
   - neighborhood resources directly or indirectly tied to health
3. Social environment
   - social relationships among residents

Question 4

The physical environment is separated into what

Answer 4

natural environment and built environment

Question 5

Natural environment

Answer 5

physical conditions such as air, water and soil quality; hazardous substances, streets, sidewalks, buildings

Question 6

Built environment

Answer 6

human-made such as bike paths, pedestrian bridges, cross walks

Question 7

If the physical environment are not favorable for people to live in, it is extremely difficult to what

Answer 7

have the motivation, ability, and availability to engage in health behaviors

Question 8

Lead poisoning in children can severely and permanently affect their what

Answer 8

mental and physical development

Question 9

Community and street design interventions that improve walking and bicycling opportunities have been associated with what

Answer 9

increases in PA

Question 10

Build environment attributes have been associated with what

Answer 10

crime, perceived safety, and health behaviors

– if you do not feel safe in neighborhood you are less likely to go outside and get PA

Question 11

Who are particularly vulnerable growing up in disadvantaged communities?

Answer 11

children

Question 12

What are some environmental factors that can have negative affects on children?

Answer 12

• environmental hazards (lead, pollution)
• aggressive advertising of alcohol and tobacco products
• lower quality child care options
• lack of safe and appealing places to play
• neighborhoods filled with crime, violence, and instability

Question 13

Service conditions

Answer 13

features of the physical environment that provide services to the public such as schools, child care centers, grocery stores, public transportation systems, businesses, and parks

Question 14

Transit service

Answer 14

important for daily life and can promote physical activity

Question 15

Recreational facilities in low income and high-minority neighborhoods

Answer 15

low income and high minority neighborhoods are less likely to have PA facilities

Question 16

large share of public transit riders are what

Answer 16

low-income, Hispanics, and seniors

Question 17

Low-income neighborhoods often experience inferior what

Answer 17

transit service, overcrowding, and inconvenient routes

Question 18

unreliable transportation can lead to what

Answer 18

late fees for child care, lower earnings, and possible job loss

Question 19

Social conditions

Answer 19

The social relationships among community members, such as mutual trust and support

Question 20

Social conditions in neighborhoods is the degree of what

Answer 20

mutual trust and feelings of connectedness among neighbors

Question 21

If you have a good relationship with the people you live around, you are more likely to what

Answer 21

exchange information and work together to achieve common goals

Question 22

collective efficacy

Answer 22

looking out for one-another

– the ability of members of a community to control the behavior of individuals and groups in the community.

Question 23

What state has the lowest percentage of people living in poor neighborhoods

Answer 23

New Hampshire (2%)

Question 24

There is a disparity of individuals living in poor neighborhoods as a result of what

Answer 24

history of segregation, redlining

Question 25

Which states have the highest amount of people living in poor neighborhoods

Answer 25

Louisiana, Mississippi, Washington DC (42%)

Question 26

Between 1970 and 2000, poor families became more likely to live where? and rich families become more likely to live where?

Answer 26

in neighborhoods with concentrated poverty; in neighborhoods with concentrated wealth

Question 27

Who are more likely to live in poor neighborhoods

Answer 27

racial minorities – nearly half of all blacks like in poor neighborhoods compared with only 1 in 10 for whites

Question 28

What racial minorities are more likely than whites to live in neighborhoods with concentrated poverty

Answer 28

blacks and latinos – even when household incomes are similar to those of whites

Question 29

Residential segregation

Answer 29

sorts population groups into various neighborhood contexts and shapes the living environment at the neighborhood level

Question 30

How can socioeconomic and racial/ethnic segregation can influence neighborhood conditions, and thus health in a variety of ways?

Answer 30

• funding and quality of public schools
• employment opportunities
• housing quality
• hazards (pollution, noise, and crime)
• municipal services

Question 31

How might bringing retail food markets into disadvantages communities help improve health by making neighborhoods healthier

Answer 31

It may increase availability of affordable healthy food choices as well as create jobs

Question 32

How might smart planning and zoning help improve health by making neighborhoods healthier

Answer 32

It may encourage the clustering of homes near shopping areas, public transportation, and employment possibilities

Question 33

How might community realization help improve health by making neighborhoods healthier

Answer 33

It may promote neighborhood economic development, which may improve the physical, social and service environments

Question 34

How might community organizing help improve health by making neighborhoods healthier

Answer 34

It may bring peopqle together to work collectively to improve neighborhoods

Question 35

How might “Environmental Justice” interventions help improve health by making neighborhoods healthier

Answer 35

It may reduce toxic exposures in the physical environments

Question 36

How might reducing residential segregations help improve health by making neighborhoods healthier

Answer 36

It may lead to enforcement of fair housing laws, expansion of affordable housing supplies and zoning measures

Question 37

Racially and ethnically stigmatized people experience higher than average rates of what

Answer 37

illness, impairment, and death

Question 38

What is one of the most powerful determinants of variations in health outcomes in the world

Answer 38

Socioeconomic status

Question 39

What is a critical task in addressing health disparities

Answer 39

understanding SES uniquely - and in combination - and how they influence health outcomes

Question 40

what race has a high SES profile

Answer 40

Asains

Question 41

Levels of college graduation are almost twice as likely for what race compared to blacks and hispanics

Answer 41

whites

Question 42

For every one dollar of median household income that whites have, blacks and hispanics have how many money?

Answer 42

blacks: 59 cents
hispanics: 70 cents
- - may be due to educational attainment and living in neighborhoods with low job opportunities

Question 43

In both men and women, black people have a higher percentage of what

Answer 43

high BP compared to other races

Question 44

Future research needs to examine how the levels, timing and accumulation of experiences of racial bias over the life course combine toxic stressors, to influence the onset and course

Answer 44

v