Unit 2

Question 1

What is S.A.R.A.?

Answer 1

S.A.R.A. Is the generic problem orientated model

S- scanning
A- analysis
R- response
A- assessment

Question 2

What is C.A.P.R.A.?

Answer 2

C.A.P.R.A Model is used by the RCMP and helps define the competencies necessary for effective community policing.

C- clients
A- acquiring and analyzing information 
P- partnership 
R- response 
A- assessment for continuous improvement

Question 3

What is the broken window theory?

Answer 3

The broken window theory was developed in 1982 that contains 4 different points.

• neighbourhood disorder creates fear
• neighbourhoods give our crime promoting signals
• serious criminals move in
• police needs citizens cooperation

Question 4

What is reactive policing?

Answer 4

• reactive policing is based on the belief that the speed of police response to crime incidents is the superior way to apprehend suspects.
• the standard model of policing with a one size fits all approach. Police respond to citizens calls for help.

Question 5

What are the criticisms of reactive policing?

Answer 5

• creates lack of knowledge about local community
• fear of crime: patrolling officers did not give residents a feeling of security
• the efficiency: do faster reaction times actually increase chances of apprehension?
• community stereotyping: led to distrust between community and police

Question 6

What are the 6 basic values of police subculture?

Answer 6

1. Police are the only real crime fighters
2. No one else understands police work
3. Loyalty to colleagues above everyone else
4. Bending the rules to win the war against crime
5. Public is unsupportive and demanding
6. Patrol work is the “pits”

Question 7

What are some of the negative effects of the six values of police subculture?

Answer 7

• resist new or innovative ideas like community policing
• the subculture can support the violation of legal rights of citizens as well as the misuse of police authority
• resist police accountability
• can create a “blue curtain” or “blue wall of silence” secret and general mistrust of the outside world.

Question 8

What is Police Legitimacy vs Policing by Consent?

Answer 8

Police legitimacy: judgements that ordinary citizens make about the rightness of police conduct and the organizations that employ and supervise them
Policing by Consent: police want the cooperation and support of the public when they are conducting their legal duties

police legitimacy is supported by the principle of policing by consent

Question 9

Who is Robert Peel and what significance does he have? What are the four philosophies?

Answer 9

-in 1829 Robert Peel “invented” modern day police in London

“The London Metropolitan Police”

Question 10

What is Police Legitimacy vs Policing by Consent?

Answer 10

Police legitimacy: judgements that ordinary citizens make about the rightness of police conduct and the organizations that employ and supervise them
Policing by Consent: police want the cooperation and support of the public when they are conducting their legal duties

police legitimacy is supported by the principle of policing by consent

Question 11

Who is Robert Peel and what significance does he have? What are the four philosophies?

Answer 11

-in 1829 Robert Peel “invented” modern-day police in London
“The London Metropolitan Police”
-to reduce tension and conflict between police and the public
-to use non-violent means to keep the peace
-to relieve the military from certain duties
-to be judged on the absence of crime rather than by the high visible police actions
The main goal was to prevent crime through the use of preventative patrols.

Question 12

When was the North West Mounted Police established and why?

Answer 12

The former NWMP now known as RCMP, was formed in 1873 to police Western Canada

Question 13

What is the professional model of policing?

Answer 13

• a top-down approach
• leads to more efficient and more effective operations
• important to the professional model are specialist roles such as, field operations, administration, crime/support services

Question 14

What is plural policing? What are the 5 types of plural policing?

Answer 14

Plural policing is are different styles of services provided by different agencies.

• policing by government
• policing through government
• policing about government
• policing beyond government
• policing below government

Question 15

What are the three levels of distribution of police in Canada?

Answer 15

3 Levels

• Municipal
• Provincial
• Federal

Question 16

What is the police personality?

Answer 16

• a unique set of personality traits to help police officers help them in their work.
• Police can be criticized for traits such at cynicism, hostility, dogmatism, and conservatism.

Question 17

What is cynicism (two types) and how long does it take for police to become cynical?

Answer 17

The two types of cynicism are
-General cynicism (against people in general)
-Specific cynicism (directed towards the police organization itself)
Cynicism is rejecting the ideals of truth and justice. It usually takes 7-10 years for cynicism to develop.

Question 18

What are the 4 styles of policing?

Answer 18

• Social agent
• Watchman
• Law enforcer
• Crime fighter

Question 19

What are the purposes of patrol?

Answer 19

Deterrence of crime - being visible
Maintenance of public order
Provisions of 24hr services not crime related

Question 20

What are the methods of patrol?

Answer 20

• Foot patrol
• Directed patrol
• M/V patrol

Question 21

What was the Kansas City Experiment?

Answer 21

The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment was conducted in the early 70’s and it conducted experiments on how different types of patrols would affect crime rates. (it did not have an affect)

The three types of patrols conducted were:

• Reactive
• Proactive
• Control group

Question 22

What is problem orientated policing (POP)?

Answer 22

POP is similar to community policing. Instead of putting all energy and resources into responding, put energy and resources into the causes of the problems.

Question 23

What are the five principles to POP?

Answer 23

• Problem to the community, not just the police
• Group or pattern of incidents that requires a different set of responses
• You must consider completing interests at stake
• Requires long-term solution rather than a quick fix
• Requires a heightened level of creativity and initiative

Question 24

What is community policing? What are the three basic aims?

Answer 24

Community policing is a philosophy that promotes a partnership between the community and police. If the police and community work together as equal problems it will improve quality of life in the area.
The three basic aims are:
- Forming community partnerships
-Organizational change
-Problem solving

Question 25

Characteristics of Community Policing

Answer 25

• the mission of police officers as police officers
• proactive approach to policing
• problem-oriented strategy
• crime prevention activities
• inter-agency cooperation
• reduction of the fear of victimization
• development of police officers as generalists

Question 26

Other types of policing?

Answer 26

• Intelligence led policing
  
  • encourages inter-agency cooperation
• Zero tolerance: Aggressive Policing
  
  • eliminates disorder by targeting individuals or certain areas responsible for disorder (confrontational)
• Predictive Policing
  
  • technology has helped police assemble and analyze crime and disorder data
  • helps predict locations where crime may occur

Question 27

What is police discretion?

Answer 27

When police use their judgement to decide when to intervene in a situation or when to ignore it.
Discretion- “is the choice or decision on the part of the police to arrest, charge, or not to charge an individual.

Question 28

5 uses of force?

Answer 28

-Physical (force-wrist locks, choke holds)
-Chemical (pepper sprayed)
-Electronic (taser)
-Impact (batons, flashlights)
Firearm force (pointing or firing)

Question 29

What are the types of coercion?

Answer 29

• Verbal
• Physical
• Non-lethal
• Lethal