Unit 2

Question 1

Chemical name

Answer 1

describes exact chemical composition of a drug

Question 2

Official name

Answer 2

used in the official drug reference, USP (ex: tetracycline hydrochloride)

Question 3

Generic name

Answer 3

usually code name given during testing phase for newer drug and for older drugs it is the name handed down (ex: tetracycline hydrochloride)

Question 4

Trade name

Answer 4

copyrighted name whose use is restricted to a single company

Question 5

Pharmacopeia of the United States of America (USP)

Answer 5

• Published every 5 years
• Single drugs
• Full time director, voluntary team of pharmacologists, physcians, nurses
• Older drugs deleted in favor of newer, more affective agents
• Gives average dose, toxicity, methods of admi., how to prepare drugs, standards for disintegration

Question 6

National Formulary (NF):

Answer 6

• Now combined with USP
• Single drugs and formulas for drug mixtures
• Often includes drugs deleted from USP
• NF AND USP IN COMBINATION ARE THE ONLY OFFICIAL DRUG REFERENCES

Question 7

Physicians desk reference (PDR)

Answer 7

• Manufacturers buy space
• Information similar to drug inserts
• Cross-referenced to generic and chemical names
• Especially useful section on drug identification and dosage forms
• No unlabeled or off-label uses listed

Question 8

Drug facts and comparisons

Answer 8

• Drugs grouped according to use
• Comparison of various drug forms
• Includes color photo
• Also over the counter medication

Question 9

American Hospital Formulary Service

Answer 9

• Similar to DF and C

- Pharmacists use

Question 10

What is the difference between local and systemic drug activity? Be able to identify an example

Answer 10

Local: intended to act where it is placed
Usually on skin or mucus membranes

Systemic: action of drug is absorbed and then distributed throughout the body
Action may be on whole body or a specific target organ

Question 11

Skin (local or systemic?, uses, cautions)

Answer 11

Local action is intended
Uses: antiseptic, cleansing, emollient
Caution: skin broken

Question 12

Nasal Mucosa

Answer 12

Local: sprays, nose drips, decongestants, hemostatics
If too much is applied, may be systemically absorbed
Even if correctly used, patient may have contraindictations such as high BP or glaucoma

Systemic: vasopressin, cocaine, heroine

Question 13

Inhalation

Answer 13

Local:
Antibiotics
Detergents and enzymes for breaking up secretions

Systemic
Anesthetics, CO2, O2 and NO

Question 14

Genitourinary

Answer 14

Genitourinary
Local action intended
Caution: traumatized tissue: dangerous systemic effect

Question 15

Oral doses

Answer 15

Must cross out of the GI tract, through the lining of the stomach or small intestine into the blood stream

Drugs are made so they dissolve
Getting drug into the blood stream is a challenge

Not all drugs are able to do this

Reasons used:
Convenience: simplest route to bloodstream
Safety: 1-1.5 hours to see full effect
Less expensive than injection

Timing around meals
Before: quicker absorption, but more easily destroyed
With- drug irritations
After: slower absorption desired

Contraindications or oral route
Patient vomiting or unconscious
Drug too irritating
Drug doesnt reach blood stream in high enough concentration

Question 16

Stomach

Answer 16

Unique environemnt
Gastric emptying is unpredictable
Acidic environment

Question 17

Sublingual and Buccal

Answer 17

Systemic
For drugs destroyed by liver or digestive enzymes
Do not chew, swallow or take with water

Local
Anesthetic or antiseptic (dentist)

Question 18

Rectal

Answer 18

Local
Stimulate defecation reflex

Systemic
Retention enemas or suppositories

Why use?
Bypass liver and enzymes
Irritating to stomach
Antiemetic
Uncooperative patient

Question 19

Parenteral Route

Answer 19

-Refers to anything other than GI system
-Usually means injections or skin patches
-Administers directly into blood stream
-More hazardous
-Rapidly absorbed: difficult to prevent total absorption and adverse effects
-Local tissue damage possible
-May introduce microorganisms
-Depends on placement of needle
Subq, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous

Question 20

Subcutaneous

Answer 20

• Must be highly soluble and potent in small volume

- May use ice or a tourniquet in case of reaction

Question 21

Intramuscular Administration

Answer 21

-Spreads over larger surface area
-Fewer sensory nerve ending
-Irritation less likely to lead to necrosis
Caution: blood vessels and nerves in area

Question 22

Intravenous

Answer 22

• Most rapid and dangerous route (no absorption)

- Injection- irritating substances or emergency administration infusion- often electrolytes and fluids