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AS psychology unit 2 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is internal validity?

A

The ability to draw conclusion about casual relationships from our data (e.g. does x cause y?)

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2
Q

What is external validity?

A

Extent to which the results can be generalised to other populations and settings (e.g. Can these results be applied to a different sample?)

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3
Q

What is confounding variables?

A

Something that affects some participants but not others, having negative consequences for validity

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4
Q

What is directional hypothesis?

A

Saying that there will be a specific difference

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5
Q

What is non-directional hypothesis?

A

Saying that there will be a difference

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6
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

A factor that is changed or manipulated

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7
Q

What is a dependant variable

A

The factor measured

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8
Q

What is an aim?

A

A general statement about the purpose of the investigation

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9
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

The expected outcome of an experiment

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10
Q

What is a laboratory experiment?

strengths + weaknesses

A

Experiments conducted in highly controlled environments (not always a lab, could be a place such as a classroom)

Strengths

  1. Makes the results reliable
  2. Makes replication more possible

Weaknesses

  1. Lacks ecological validity
  2. Demand characteristics
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11
Q

What is a field experiment?

Strengths + weaknesses

A

Where the IV is manipulated in a natural, everyday setting

Strengths

  1. High ecological validity
  2. Less demand characteristics

Weaknesses

  1. Precise replication not possible
  2. Participants cannot give informed consent
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12
Q

Quasi-experiment

Strength + weakness

A

A naturally occurring IV

Strength
1. Reliable

Weakness
1. Participants cannot be randomly allocated

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13
Q

What is a target population?

A

Who you want to generalise to

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14
Q

What is a sampling frame?

A

The population you can get access to

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15
Q

What is random sampling?

Strength + weakness

A

Completely random-every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Strength
1.Provides the best chance of an unbiased sample

Weakness
1. Can be time consuming

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16
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

Strengths + weaknesses

A

Selecting people that are available at the time

Strength

  1. Quick
  2. Convient

Weaknesses
1. Bias by the researcher as they chose people who look friendly/helpful

17
Q

What is systematic sampling?

Strengths + Weaknesses

A

Choosing participants in an orderly way (every nth participant)

Strength
1. Should provide a representative sample

Weakness
1.Requires a lot of time, effort and money

18
Q

What is snowball sampling

Strengths + Weaknesses

A

A sample in which the initial participants are asked to identify additional members of a population

Strengths
1. Enables researcher to locate groups of people who are difficult to access such as drug addicts

Weaknesses
1. Unlikely to be representative or generalisable

19
Q

What os self selected sampling

Strengths + Weaknesses

A

Members of the population select themselves by volunteering and then the researcher select from those or use all of them

Strengths

  1. Has willings participants (less likely to drop out or not give consent)
  2. No researcher bias

Weaknesses

  1. More likely to be unrepresentative
  2. Likely to get people who have extreme views
20
Q

What is co-variables?

A

Variables in a correlation, must be continuous and related

21
Q

What is extraneous variables?

A

Something unwanted or unexpected that might affect the dependant variable

22
Q

What is Nominal data?

A

Used when data belong to distinct categories (e.g. male and female)

23
Q

What is interval data?

A

Data that can be measured in equal intervals

24
Q

What is ratio data?

A

Data with an absolute zero e.g. reaction time

25
Q

What is strength and weaknesses of online research?

A

Strength

  1. Cheap
  2. Allows access to large groups that are graphically dispersed

Weaknesses
1. Difficult to get full informed consent

AS psychology unit 2 (1 decks)

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