Unit 2 Flashcards
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Cell theory
Eurakaryote
- Bacteria
- Archea
The Three domains of life
plant cell anatomy
plant vs animal
cell wall* cell membrane nucleus cytosol central vacuole* chloroplast* mitochondria
animal cell anatomy
plant vs animal
cell membrane
nucleus
cytosol
mitochondria
- Nucleus:Control center of the cell
- ribosomes: protein synthesis
- Golgi: packages secretions for release
- lysosomes:cleans the cells
- mitochondria -makes ATP (double membrane)
- ER: synthesizes , detox, and stores (smooth and rough)
Important organelles
Diffusion
High to low concentration gradient
Osmosis
water movement from a lower solute to higher solute
- Hypertonic solutions: greater concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell when compared to the inside (less water)
- Hypotonic solutions: lower concentration of solutes (more water)
- Isotonic solutions:equal concentration
Hypo, Hyper and Iso?
Step 1: Carbon Fixation
-The enzyme rubisco combines CO2 with 5-carbon sugar rubulose biphosphate (RuBP). The unstable product formed splits into 2 molecules of 3-carbon 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA).
(Produced by Step 1-Six molecules of 3 Carbon 3-PGA)
Step 2: Reduction
-Energy from 6 molecules of ATP is used to oxidize NADPH to NADP+. Six molecules of 3-PGA are reduced, producing six molecules of energy-rich 3-carbon sugar G3P.
(produced by step 2 Six molecules of 3 Carbon G3P )
Step 3: Release of one molecule of G3P
-Five of the previously created G3Ps remain in the cycle, but one molecule is released
(produced by step 3 One G3P is released and five continue in the cycle)
Step 4: Regeneration of RuBP
-A series of chemical reactions uses energy from ATP to rearrange the atoms of the 5 G3P molecules, (15 total carbons), which forms 3 RuBP molecules (15 total carbons).
These will start another turn of the cycle.
(produced by step 4 Three molecules of 5 Carbon RuBP)
calvin cycle
pigments in photosynthesis
Chlorophyll A & B
- carotene
- xanthrophylls
What is (fuels) active transport?
ATP
-light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll which is used to convert Co2 and H20 from glucose , releasing Oxygen
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 12H2O —-> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
photosynthesis Equation
Require light
Capture energy from sunlight
Make ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH
Light dependent reaction (photo)
- Does not require light
- Use ATP and NADPH to synthesize organic molecules from CO2
Carbon Fixation reaction (synthesis)
Four Basic Mechanisms for Cellular Communication
Direct
paracrine
endocrine
synaptic
Molecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by receptors on the adjacent cell
Direct
-process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen
aerobic:
cellular respiration
-process of producing cellular energy with no oxygen
Anaerobic
cellular respiration
Acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate → citrate
Citrate rearrangement and decarboxylation
Regeneration of oxaloacetate
krebs cycle
SA:V
- the cell gets bigger , then the surface area to volume ratio - SA:V ratio decreases.
- When an object/cell is very small, it has a large surface area to volume ratio, while a large object/ cell has a small surface area to volume ratio.
+
Surface area to volume ratio
- 1st protein
- light enters and charges the e-
- e- goes through the ETC
(Thykaloid membrane)
- uses light energy to oxidize two molecules of water into one molecule of molecular oxygen (splitting in 1/2)
- when these split, it generates oxygen and hydrogen ions, which power the creation of ATP
photosytem II
- 2nd protein
- recharges e- using light
-responsible for providing high energy electrons which reduce NADP to produce NADPH used in the calvin cycle
photosystem I
cellular respiration
-the process of producing ATP in the cell from oxygen and glucose; releases carbon dioxide and water
-The electrons are charged by the light in PS2, then they travel through the (ETC). Once they have arrived at PS1, they have lost energy. So, PS1 recharges them.
photosystems overall
- experiment that demonstrated that several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by stimulating the earth’s early atmosphere
- provided evidence of the origin of life
The miller/urey experiment
endosymbiosis
-is the idea that smaller prokaryotic cells lived within a larger cell
- Signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells
- Signaling between immune cells (histamine)
Paracrine signaling
- Hormones released from a cell travel through circulatory system to affect other cells throughout the body
- Both animals and plants use this mechanism extensively
endocrine signaling
- Nerve cells release the signal (neurotransmitter) which binds to receptors on nearby cells
- Association of neuron and target cell is a chemical synapse
Synaptic signaling- (animals)
substances across membrane without the need of energy input
What is Passive transport
