Unit 2

Question 1

• All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
• Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Answer 1

Cell theory

Question 2

Eurakaryote

• Bacteria
• Archea

Answer 2

The Three domains of life

Question 3

plant cell anatomy

plant vs animal

Answer 3

cell wall*
cell membrane
nucleus
cytosol
central vacuole*
chloroplast*
mitochondria

Question 4

animal cell anatomy

plant vs animal

Answer 4

cell membrane
nucleus
cytosol
mitochondria

Question 5

• Nucleus:Control center of the cell
• ribosomes: protein synthesis
• Golgi: packages secretions for release
• lysosomes:cleans the cells
• mitochondria -makes ATP (double membrane)
• ER: synthesizes , detox, and stores (smooth and rough)

Answer 5

Important organelles

Question 6

Diffusion

Answer 6

High to low concentration gradient

Question 7

Osmosis

Answer 7

water movement from a lower solute to higher solute

Question 8

• Hypertonic solutions: greater concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell when compared to the inside (less water)
• Hypotonic solutions: lower concentration of solutes (more water)
• Isotonic solutions:equal concentration

Answer 8

Hypo, Hyper and Iso?

Question 9

Step 1: Carbon Fixation
-The enzyme rubisco combines CO2 with 5-carbon sugar rubulose biphosphate (RuBP). The unstable product formed splits into 2 molecules of 3-carbon 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA).

(Produced by Step 1-Six molecules of 3 Carbon 3-PGA)

Step 2: Reduction
-Energy from 6 molecules of ATP is used to oxidize NADPH to NADP+. Six molecules of 3-PGA are reduced, producing six molecules of energy-rich 3-carbon sugar G3P.

(produced by step 2 Six molecules of 3 Carbon G3P )
Step 3: Release of one molecule of G3P
-Five of the previously created G3Ps remain in the cycle, but one molecule is released

(produced by step 3 One G3P is released and five continue in the cycle)

Step 4: Regeneration of RuBP
-A series of chemical reactions uses energy from ATP to rearrange the atoms of the 5 G3P molecules, (15 total carbons), which forms 3 RuBP molecules (15 total carbons).
These will start another turn of the cycle.
(produced by step 4 Three molecules of 5 Carbon RuBP)

Answer 9

calvin cycle

Question 10

pigments in photosynthesis

Answer 10

Chlorophyll A & B

• carotene
• xanthrophylls

Question 11

What is (fuels) active transport?

Answer 11

ATP

Question 12

-light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll which is used to convert Co2 and H20 from glucose , releasing Oxygen

Answer 12

Photosynthesis

Question 13

6CO2 + 12H2O —-> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

Answer 13

photosynthesis Equation

Question 14

Require light
Capture energy from sunlight
Make ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH

Answer 14

Light dependent reaction (photo)

Question 15

• Does not require light

- Use ATP and NADPH to synthesize organic molecules from CO2

Answer 15

Carbon Fixation reaction (synthesis)

Question 16

Four Basic Mechanisms for Cellular Communication

Answer 16

Direct
paracrine
endocrine
synaptic

Question 17

Molecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by receptors on the adjacent cell

Answer 17

Direct

Question 18

-process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen

Answer 18

aerobic:

cellular respiration

Question 19

-process of producing cellular energy with no oxygen

Answer 19

Anaerobic

cellular respiration

Question 20

Acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate → citrate
Citrate rearrangement and decarboxylation
Regeneration of oxaloacetate

Answer 20

krebs cycle

Question 21

SA:V

• the cell gets bigger , then the surface area to volume ratio - SA:V ratio decreases.
• When an object/cell is very small, it has a large surface area to volume ratio, while a large object/ cell has a small surface area to volume ratio.

+

Answer 21

Surface area to volume ratio

Question 22

• 1st protein
• light enters and charges the e-
• e- goes through the ETC

(Thykaloid membrane)

• uses light energy to oxidize two molecules of water into one molecule of molecular oxygen (splitting in 1/2)
• when these split, it generates oxygen and hydrogen ions, which power the creation of ATP

Answer 22

photosytem II

Question 23

• 2nd protein
• recharges e- using light

-responsible for providing high energy electrons which reduce NADP to produce NADPH used in the calvin cycle

Answer 23

photosystem I

Question 24

cellular respiration

Answer 24

-the process of producing ATP in the cell from oxygen and glucose; releases carbon dioxide and water

Question 25

-The electrons are charged by the light in PS2, then they travel through the (ETC). Once they have arrived at PS1, they have lost energy. So, PS1 recharges them.

Answer 25

photosystems overall

Question 26

• experiment that demonstrated that several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by stimulating the earth’s early atmosphere
• provided evidence of the origin of life

Answer 26

The miller/urey experiment

Question 27

endosymbiosis

Answer 27

-is the idea that smaller prokaryotic cells lived within a larger cell

Question 28

• Signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells
• Signaling between immune cells (histamine)

Answer 28

Paracrine signaling

Question 29

• Hormones released from a cell travel through circulatory system to affect other cells throughout the body
• Both animals and plants use this mechanism extensively

Answer 29

endocrine signaling

Question 30

• Nerve cells release the signal (neurotransmitter) which binds to receptors on nearby cells
• Association of neuron and target cell is a chemical synapse

Answer 30

Synaptic signaling- (animals)

Question 31

substances across membrane without the need of energy input

Answer 31

What is Passive transport