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Biology 1110 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  • The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
  • Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
A

Cell theory

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2
Q

Eurakaryote

  • Bacteria
  • Archea
A

The Three domains of life

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3
Q

plant cell anatomy

plant vs animal

A 
cell wall*
cell membrane
nucleus
cytosol
central vacuole*
chloroplast*
mitochondria
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4
Q

animal cell anatomy

plant vs animal

A

cell membrane
nucleus
cytosol
mitochondria

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5
Q
  • Nucleus:Control center of the cell
  • ribosomes: protein synthesis
  • Golgi: packages secretions for release
  • lysosomes:cleans the cells
  • mitochondria -makes ATP (double membrane)
  • ER: synthesizes , detox, and stores (smooth and rough)
A

Important organelles

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6
Q

Diffusion

A

High to low concentration gradient

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7
Q

Osmosis

A

water movement from a lower solute to higher solute

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8
Q
  • Hypertonic solutions: greater concentration of solutes on the outside of the cell when compared to the inside (less water)
  • Hypotonic solutions: lower concentration of solutes (more water)
  • Isotonic solutions:equal concentration
A

Hypo, Hyper and Iso?

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9
Q

Step 1: Carbon Fixation
-The enzyme rubisco combines CO2 with 5-carbon sugar rubulose biphosphate (RuBP). The unstable product formed splits into 2 molecules of 3-carbon 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA).

(Produced by Step 1-Six molecules of 3 Carbon 3-PGA)

Step 2: Reduction
-Energy from 6 molecules of ATP is used to oxidize NADPH to NADP+. Six molecules of 3-PGA are reduced, producing six molecules of energy-rich 3-carbon sugar G3P.

(produced by step 2 Six molecules of 3 Carbon G3P )
Step 3: Release of one molecule of G3P
-Five of the previously created G3Ps remain in the cycle, but one molecule is released

(produced by step 3 One G3P is released and five continue in the cycle)

Step 4: Regeneration of RuBP
-A series of chemical reactions uses energy from ATP to rearrange the atoms of the 5 G3P molecules, (15 total carbons), which forms 3 RuBP molecules (15 total carbons).
These will start another turn of the cycle.
(produced by step 4 Three molecules of 5 Carbon RuBP)

A

calvin cycle

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10
Q

pigments in photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll A & B

  • carotene
  • xanthrophylls
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11
Q

What is (fuels) active transport?

A

ATP

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12
Q

-light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll which is used to convert Co2 and H20 from glucose , releasing Oxygen

A

Photosynthesis

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13
Q

6CO2 + 12H2O —-> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

A

photosynthesis Equation

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14
Q

Require light
Capture energy from sunlight
Make ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH

A

Light dependent reaction (photo)

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15
Q
  • Does not require light

- Use ATP and NADPH to synthesize organic molecules from CO2

A

Carbon Fixation reaction (synthesis)

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16
Q

Four Basic Mechanisms for Cellular Communication

A

Direct
paracrine
endocrine
synaptic

17
Q

Molecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by receptors on the adjacent cell

A

Direct

18
Q

-process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen

A

aerobic:

cellular respiration

19
Q

-process of producing cellular energy with no oxygen

A

Anaerobic

cellular respiration

20
Q

Acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate → citrate
Citrate rearrangement and decarboxylation
Regeneration of oxaloacetate

A

krebs cycle

21
Q

SA:V

  • the cell gets bigger , then the surface area to volume ratio - SA:V ratio decreases.
  • When an object/cell is very small, it has a large surface area to volume ratio, while a large object/ cell has a small surface area to volume ratio.

+

A

Surface area to volume ratio

22
Q
  • 1st protein
  • light enters and charges the e-
  • e- goes through the ETC

(Thykaloid membrane)

  • uses light energy to oxidize two molecules of water into one molecule of molecular oxygen (splitting in 1/2)
  • when these split, it generates oxygen and hydrogen ions, which power the creation of ATP
A

photosytem II

23
Q
  • 2nd protein
  • recharges e- using light

-responsible for providing high energy electrons which reduce NADP to produce NADPH used in the calvin cycle

A

photosystem I

24
Q

cellular respiration

A

-the process of producing ATP in the cell from oxygen and glucose; releases carbon dioxide and water

25
Q

-The electrons are charged by the light in PS2, then they travel through the (ETC). Once they have arrived at PS1, they have lost energy. So, PS1 recharges them.

A

photosystems overall

26
Q
  • experiment that demonstrated that several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by stimulating the earth’s early atmosphere
  • provided evidence of the origin of life
A

The miller/urey experiment

27
Q

endosymbiosis

A

-is the idea that smaller prokaryotic cells lived within a larger cell

28
Q
  • Signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells
  • Signaling between immune cells (histamine)
A

Paracrine signaling

29
Q
  • Hormones released from a cell travel through circulatory system to affect other cells throughout the body
  • Both animals and plants use this mechanism extensively
A

endocrine signaling

30
Q
  • Nerve cells release the signal (neurotransmitter) which binds to receptors on nearby cells
  • Association of neuron and target cell is a chemical synapse
A

Synaptic signaling- (animals)

31
Q

substances across membrane without the need of energy input

A

What is Passive transport

Biology 1110 (1 decks)

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