UNIT 2 Flashcards
How are esters formed?
They are formed by reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid.
What is the formation of esters know as and why?
They are known as condensation reactions since the alcohol and carboxylic acid join together to eliminate water.
What kind of aromatic properties do esters have?
Esters have a pleasant,fruity smell.
what are esters used in?
Esters are often used in scented products such as deodorants and perfumes.
what are esters used in?
Esters are often used in scented products such as deodorants,perfumes and solvents.
What general properties do esters have?
Esters are able to dissolve a wide variety of compounds ans they ave relatively low boiling points which means they evaporate easily.
What general properties do esters have?
Esters are able to dissolve a wide variety of compounds and they have relatively low boiling points which means they evaporate easily.
What everyday products are esters found in?
They are found in everyday products such as nail varnish and spray paints.
What happens when esters dissolve in water?. What is this reaction known as?
When esters react with water they break down to from an alcohol and carboxylic acid. This reaction is known as ester hydrolysis.
What are fats and oils made up of?
They are made up of esters
How are fats and oils formed?
Fats and oils are formed from the reaction of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
What is a triglyceride?
When glycerol and fatty acid molecules combine a triglyceride is produced. This is an ester which is either a fat or an oil.
How are fats formed?
Fats are formed from saturated fatty acids
How are oils formed?
Oils are formed from unsaturated fatty acids.
Are saturated fats solid or liquid?
SOLID!
Why are fats able to pack closely together?
Fats are able to pack closely together because the high degree of saturation gives the fat molecules an even,regular structure.
Why are the attractions between fat molecules greater than the attractions between oil molecules?
The efficient packaging of fat molecules increases the number of van der waals attraction therefore making the attraction between fat molecules greater.
What happens when a fat molecule is heated? ( in terms of van der waals forces)
When fat is heated,the van der waals attractions are broken and the fat melts.
Why is it difficult for oils to pack together?
In oils,the double bonds cause the molecules to have an even,distorted structure which makes it difficult fro them to pack closely together.
Why do oils have a lower melting point than fats?
There are fewer wan der waals forces of attraction between the oil molecules. Therefore it takes less energy to break apart the oil molecules which results in a lower melting point.
why are fats an essential component of out diet?
Fats and oils are an essential component of our diet as their non polar structure allows them to dissolve a number of essential vitamins eg A and D
Give at least 4 examples of proteins,where they are found and their function.
Collagen-
Found in tendons,muscle and bones
Gives structural support
Keratin-
Found in hair,skin and nails
Gives structural support
Myosin-
Found in muscoles
Helps muscles contract
Insulin-
Found in pancreas
Hormones which helps control blood glucose levels.
What are enzymes a type of?
They are a type of protein
What are enzymes described as?
They are described as biological catalysts.
What are proteins made up of?
Proteins are made up of amino acids
What do amino acids contain?
Amino acids contain an amine group ( -NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)
What are terpenes?
Terpenes are natural organic compounds. They are components of a variety of fruit and floral flavours and aromas
What are terpenes used in?
They are used in perfumes,essential oils and medicines.
Give and example of a terpene and its use.
Lavender used to relieve tension
What happens when terpenes are oxidised?
Terpenes in plants can be oxidised to produce the compounds responsible fro the distinctive aroma of spices
What are terpenoids?
Terpenes containing oxygen or other functional groups are known as ‘terpenoids’
Are terpenes saturated or unsaturated?
Terpenes are unsaturated compounds
What are terpens built up from?
All terpenes are built from units of isoprene.
What is mycrene?
This is a component of plants,including bay,ylang-ylang and thyme.
What types of heads do soaps have? and what are they soluble in?
Soaps have a ionic head which is water soluble.
What kind of tail does soaps have and what are they soluble in?
Soaps have a hydrocarbon tail which is soluble in oil and grease.
which part of the soap is hydrophobic and which part is hydrophilic?
The hydrocarbon tail does not dissolve in water, it is hydrophobic. The ionic head does dissolve in water, it is hydrophilic.
Describe how soap works
The soap molecules can dissolve in the grease causing it to be covered in negative charge. The negative charges repel resulting in the grease breaking up into globules which are attracted to water allowing them to be washed away when water is added.
What are detergents like?
Detergents are compounds with a soap like structure which allows them to remove greasy stains. They have a non polar tail, which is oil soluble, and a polar head which is water soluble. An example of a detergent molecule is dodecylbenzenesulfonate.
What is the difference between soap and detergent?
The main difference is the head. The head part of the detergent will always be soluble in water but the detergent head will be formed from a carboxylate ion.
