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Physics 2 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Vibration

A

A repeating, back-and-forth motion about an equilibrium position

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2
Q

Wave

A

A disturbance that is transmitted progressively from one place to the next with no transport of matter.

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3
Q

Period

A

Time of a back-and-forth swing of a pendulum.

-depends on the length of a pendulum and the acceleration of gravity

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4
Q

Simple harmonic motion

A

Back-and-forth vibratory motion of a swinging pendulum. Aka oscillatory motion

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5
Q

Sine curve

A

Pictorial representation of a wave

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6
Q

Source of all waves

A

Something that vibrates.

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7
Q

Crests

A

High points on a wave

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8
Q

trhoughs

A

low points on a wave

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9
Q

amplitude

A

distance from the midpoint to the crest or trough of the wave.

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10
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from the top of one crest to the top of the next one.

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11
Q

Frequency

A

number of vibrations an object makes in a unit of time

frequency = 1/period

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12
Q

hertz

A

unit of frequency. Hz

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13
Q

What is the energy transferred by a wave from a vibrating source to a receiver carried by?

A

A disturbance in the medium. Energy is not transferred by matter moving from one place to another within the medium.

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14
Q

Calculations for speed of a wave

A

wavelength * frequency

v = (greek letter lambda) * f

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15
Q

Transverse wave

A

When the motion of the medium is at right angles to the direction in which a wave travels.
-stretched strings of musical instruments; EM waves - radio waves and light

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16
Q

Longitudinal wave

A

When particles oscillate parallel to or along the direction of the wave rather than at right angles to it.
-sound waves

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17
Q

Interference pattern

A

a regular arrangement of places where wave effects are increased, decreased, or neutralized
-occur when waves from different sources arrive at the same point/time

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18
Q

constructive interference

A

Crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another. Their individual effects add together.
-increased amplitude

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19
Q

Destructive interference

A

crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another. Individual effects are reduced.
-cancellation

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20
Q

Out of phase

A

When crests of one wave overlap the troughs of another to produce regions of zero amplitude.

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21
Q

in phase

A

crests of one wave overlap the crests of the other, and the troughs overlap as well.

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22
Q

Standing wave

A

wave that appears to stay in one place. does not seem to move through the medium
-forms only if half a wavelength or a multiple of half a wavelength fits exactly into the length of the vibrating medium

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23
Q

nodes

A

stationary points on a standing wave

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24
Q

antinodes

A

positions on a standing wave with the largest amplitudes

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25
Q

As a wave source approaches, an observer encounters…

A

waves with a higher frequency

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26
Q

as the wave source moves away, an observer encounters waves with…

A

a lower frequency

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27
Q

Doppler effect

A

apparent change in frequency due to the motion of the source or receiver

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28
Q

blue shift

A

increase in frequency

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29
Q

red shift

A

decrease in frequency

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30
Q

bow wave

A

Wave where crests overlap at the edges, and the pattern made by these overlapping crests is a V shape
-occurs when a wave source moves faster than the waves it produces

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31
Q

shock wave

A

a 3D wave that consists of overlapping spheres that form a cone.
-occurs when an object moves faster than the speed of sound.

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32
Q

sonic boom

A

sharp crack heard when the shock wave that sweeps behind a supersonic aircraft reaches the listeners.

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33
Q

Where do all sounds originate?

A

in the vibrations of material objects

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34
Q

ptich

A

subjective impression about the frequency of sound

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35
Q

usual hearing range for a person

A

20-20,000Hz

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36
Q

infrasonic

A

frequencies below 20Hz

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37
Q

ultrasonic

A

frequencies above 20,000Hz

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38
Q

compression

A

pulse of compressed air. neighboring molecules push into their neighbors

39
Q

rarefaction

A

pulse of low-pressure air. neighboring molecules move into it

40
Q

As a source of sound vibrates, a series of…

A

compressions and rarefactions travels outward from the source.

41
Q

what does sound travel in?

A

solids, liquids, and gases

42
Q

What does the speed of sound in gas depend on?

A

the temperature of the gas and the mass of the particles in the gas

43
Q

What does the speed of sound in a material depend on?

A

material’s elasticity

44
Q

sound intensity

A

objective; measured by instruments

45
Q

loudness

A

physiological sensation sensed in the brain.

46
Q

When any object composed of elastic material is disturbed, it vibrates at…

A

its own special set of frequencies, which together form its special sounds

47
Q

natural frequency

A

frequency at which an object vibrates when it is disturbed

48
Q

forced vibration

A

occurs when an object is made to vibrate by another vibrating object that is nearby

49
Q

sounding boards are an important part of all stringed musical instruments because…

A

they are forced into vibration and produce the sound

50
Q

resonance

A

phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of a vibration forced on an object matches the object’s natural frequency and a dramatic increase in amplitude occurs

51
Q

when does an object resonate?

A

when there is a force to pull it back to its starting position and enough energy to keep it vibrating

52
Q

When constructive interference occurs with soundwaves, the listener hears…

A

a louder sound

53
Q

when a destructive interference occurs, the listener hears…

A

a fainter sound or no sound at all

54
Q

when two tones of slightly different frequency are sounded together, a regular fluctuation…

A

in the loudness of the combined sounds is heard

55
Q

beats

A

periodic variation in the loudness of sound

56
Q

light

A
  • an electromagnetic wave
  • does NOT require a medium through which to travel
  • is part particle and part wave
57
Q

photons

A

massless bundles of concentrated electromagnetic energy

58
Q

light-year

A

distance light travels in one year

59
Q

electromagnetic wave

A

a wave that is partly electric and partly magnetic

60
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A
  • range of electromagnetic waves

- consists of radio waves, microwaves, infrared, light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays.

61
Q

infrared

A

electromagnetic waves of frequencies lower than the red of visible light

62
Q

ultraviolet

A

electromagnetic waves of frequencies higher than those of violet

63
Q

transparent

A

light passes through materials whose atoms absorb the energy and immediately reemit it as light.

64
Q

opaque

A

materials that absorb light without reemission and therefore allow no light through them

65
Q

in opaque materials, any coordinated vibrations given by light to atoms and molecules are turned into…

A

random kinetic energy-that is, into internal energy

66
Q

ray

A

a thin beam of light

67
Q

shadow

A

formed where light rays cannot reach

68
Q

umbra

A

a total shadow

69
Q

penumbra

A

a partial shadow

70
Q

spectrum

A

spread of colors. order red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet

71
Q

white light

A

combination of all the colors

72
Q

black

A

absence of light

73
Q

The color of an opaque object is the color of the…

A

light it reflects

74
Q

the color of a transparent object is the color of the…

A

light it transmits

75
Q

pigment

A

material that selectively absorbs colored light

76
Q

additive primary colors

A

red, green, and blue. allow you to produce a wide range of other colors by combining red, green, and blue.

77
Q

complementary colors

A

when two colors are added together to produce white

78
Q

when paints or dyes are mixed, the mixture…

A

absorbs all the frequencies each paint or dye in it absorbs

79
Q

subtractive primary colors

A

magenta, yellow, and cyan. are mixed to produce other colors because of the way they absorb light.

80
Q

scattering

A

Scattering occurs when tiny particles absorb a particular frequency and re-emit it in all directions.

81
Q

why is the sky blue?

A

because its component particles scatter high-frequency light

82
Q

excited state

A

a state with greater energy than the atom’s lowest energy state

83
Q

line spectrum

A

a pattern of distinct lines of color, with each line corresponding to a frequency of light

84
Q

List the evidence that supports the particle nature of light and then list the evidence that supports the wave nature of light.

A

Particle: light moves in straight lines, photoelectric effect.
Wave: light diffracts under certain circumstances.

85
Q

Describe Michelson’s experiment to determine the speed of light.

A

Michelson sent a narrow beam of light along a long path (of known length) and measured the amount of time it took to get back to him. Using distance and time, he calculated volume.

86
Q

How are electromagnetic waves created and how does this compare to the way physical waves are created?

A

Physical waves are the result of a vibrating particle while electromagnetic waves are the result of a vibrating (or accelerating) charge.

87
Q

Will a material be transparent to light if the frequency of light matches its own natural frequency?

A

No, the light will interact with the particles causing them to vibrate. Thus, instead of being re-emitted as light they are transformed into kinetic energy within the material.

88
Q

Why would you expect the speed of light to be slightly less in the atmosphere than in a vacuum?

A

Photons will interact with particles in the air and some time will be lost between absorption and re-emission.

89
Q

Why is the light from a candle NOT polarized?

A

Electrons vibrate randomly so the candlelight is vibrating in many different directions.

90
Q

Your friend says that cell phones are faster than radios because they use microwaves, which have a higher energy than radio waves. True or not?

A

You should disagree. Although microwaves ARE higher energy waves, all EM waves travel at the same speed through air.

91
Q

How is light emitted?

A

emitted by the vibrating electrons of atoms

92
Q

What happens to light of a particular frequency that encounters atoms of the same resonant frequency?

A

Light of one frequency encountering an object with the same resonant frequency is absorbed by that object.

93
Q

Why does the color of an object depend on the type of light that is hitting it?

A

While a blue sweatshirt may appear blue out in the sun, that is only because it is reflecting blue light. If you go inside and use a light that does not emit “blue” there will be no blue light to be reflected.

94
Q

Why might atomic spectra be considered “fingerprints” of atoms?

A

Each element has its own characteristic spectrum that is dependent on the number and arrangement of electrons it has.

Physics 2 (7 decks)

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