Unit 2 Flashcards
Define ‘Terrain’
Terrain refers to how the land lies
What are the four main hazards and risks associated with field work?
- Terrain
- Weather Conditions
- Isolation
- Tidal Changes
How can a field biologist prepare for the risk of changing weather conditions?
Check the forecast
Wear appropriate clothing, footwear
What is a risk assessment?
Document that identifies potential hazards, assesses the likelihood of them occurring and describes how to minimise their occurrence
What should be considered before sampling is carried out?
- How to minimise impact on wild species
- Legalisation which protects rare animals
What sampling technique would you use to sample along an area where abiotic factors are changing?
Transect Surveys
Describe a point count
Sampling technique used for sampling bird populations over a given area and period of time
Describe a transect and the two things you can sample with them
Line along which different samples can be taken
Where terrain or abiotic factors are changing
Use quadrats
Used to sample small slow moving animals or abiotic factors
What is a benefit of using remote direction for elusive species?
Can use camera traps so they can observe the animal without the observer being present
Describe Scat sampling
Collecting animal drops providing information about the animals diet and abundance
What are the three types of sampling?
Random
Stratified
Systematic
Describe the difference between random and stratified sampling
Random - individuals selected from larger populations chosen at chance
Stratified - large population split into smaller populations then individuals selected from sub populations
Explain what Systematic Sampling is?
Sampling that is taken at regular intervals, eg every two minutes along the transect
State the 8 Taxonomic Levels
Domain Kingdom Phyllum Class Order Family Genus Species
Why is it important for a biologist to be familiar with taxonomic groupings?
Allow predictions to be made between unknown organisms and model organisms
What are the five divisions between the plant kingdom?
Mosses Liverworts Ferns Gymosperms Anglosperms
What plant type is this description of?
- Flowerless
- No seeds
- No Vascular System
Mosses
What method of reproduction do ferns use?
Spores
Do Liverworts produce flowers?
No, they are flowerless
Do Gymosperms
a) Produce flowers?
b) Produce spores for reproduction?
a) Yes
b) No, they reproduce by seed production
State the five animal phyla you are required to know for Advanced Biology
- Chordata
- Anthropoda
- Nematoda
- Platyhelminthes
- Mollusca
Give an example of an organism in the chordata phyla
Sea squirts and Vertebrates
Example: Birds, Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish
What animal phyla would wasps, a joint legged invertebrate with a segmented body and paired appendages be in?
Arthropoda
What organisms fall in the Platyhelminthes phyla?
Organisms who are bilaterally symmetrical and don’t have a body cavity or any internal organs
Example: Flat worms
What could you use to identify organisms which have been sampled?
Biological Keys
Classification Guides
Analysis of DNA
What is divergent evolution?
Accumulation of differences between previously closely related groups of species, leading to the formation of a new species
What sampling technique would you use to estimate the size of a population of animals?
Mark and Recapture
Give three examples of methods of marking an individual
Banding Tagging Surgical Implantation Painting Hair Dipping
What three things must happen for estimates of a population to be more accurate?
- Equal chance of capturing unmarked and marked individuals
- No immigration or emigration from the areas
- Marked individuals are completely mixed into populations
Give one reason why a species may be monitored
- Interest in species itself(eg. if it is endangered)
- Indicator Species
Define ‘Ethology’
Study of animal behavior
What are the two causes of animal behaviour?
- Genetic
- Response to environment
Define Latency
Latency is the time from a stimulus to the start of a behavior
What is Anthropomorphism?
Application of human qualities to non human things or animals
What can Anthropomorphism lead to?
Data Misinterpretation
Define ‘Evolution’
Evolution is the change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits
What are the two random processes that operate evolution?
Mutation
Genetic Drift
How do mutations drive evolution?
Give rise to new alleles and provide the raw material for evolution, natural selection and sexual selection can act on
What factors affect the rate of evolution?
- Generation Times
- Warmer Climates
Define ‘Absolute Fitness’
It’s the ratio of the frequency of a particular genotype in one generation compared to the previous generation
Why do organisms that have shorter generation times evolve faster?
Each generation involves DNA Replication with the chance of errors/mutations being higher
More chance of new material
